Методические указания к выполнению контрольного задания №2
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание №2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.
1) Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive) обороты равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот
2) Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, части сказуемого и обстоятельства цели
3) Причастия (Participle I,II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот
4) Условные предложения
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнения.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упражнению 1)
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1) They want the new computer to be produced by the end of September. |
Они хотят, чтобы новый компьютер был выпущен к концу сентября. |
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2) The new Laptop to be bought should be checked. |
Новую портативную ЭВМ, которую нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить. |
Образец выполнения 2 (к упражнению 2)
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1) To travel much is to see much. |
Много путешествовать значит много видеть. |
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2) They seem to be learning the basic principles of programming. |
Они, кажется, изучают основные принципы программирования сейчас. |
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3) She went to the USA to study. |
Она поехала в Америку учиться. |
Образец выполнения 3 (к упражнению 3)
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1) Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A. S. Popov. |
Радио было изобретено в России и его изобретателем был русский ученый А. С. Попов. |
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2) Scientists wishing to take part in this conference should prepare reports about robots. |
Ученые, желающие принять участие в этой конференции должны подготовить доклады о роботах. |
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3) Having learned the functions of input and output units, the students began a new topic. |
Изучив функции входных и выходных устройств, студенты начали новую тему. |
Образец выполнения 4 (к упражнению 4)
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1) If you had been free, we should have spoken about supercomputers. |
Если бы ты был свободен, мы бы поговорили о суперкомпьютерах. |
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2) If we want to organize a party for students we shall discuss it with the rector. |
Если мы захотим организовать вечеринку для студентов, мы обсудим это с ректором. |
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3) If you knew all the basic commands you would introduce them. |
Если бы ты знал все основные команды, ты бы ввел их. |
Вариант 1
1 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Computer controlled machines are supposed to be necessary in every process.
2) We wanted microprocessors to be used in minicomputers, mainframes and peripheral devices as well as in all industrial and consumer products which use a computer.
3) He’d like this question to be answered in a few minutes.
4) The supercomputers were known to perform 200 million operations per second.
2 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите функции инфинитива.
1) To read a lot is to know a lot.
2) They seem to be buying floppy disks.
3) She went to the lecture of this scientist to understand buble memory.
3 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.
1) The matter having been settled so amically the tutor felt quite satisfied with the results.
2) A great number of computers having been invented, different complicated programs were used.
3) The first automatic computers of the 1940’s not being very reliable, scientists went on improving them.
4 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных придаточных предложений.
1) If they had bought the 5-th generation computers they wouldn’t have such problems which they face.
2) You won’t use e-mail if you don’t have internet.
3) If you attended the lecture on Japanese supercomputers, you would know everything about them.
5 Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Пояснения к тексту.
interruption - прерывание
eliminate - устранять
the average job time - среднее время счета задания
Kinds of programs.
There are two main kinds of programs. They are control programs and systems service programs. The control program consists of three components:
1) IPL Loader. When system operation is initiated, the hardware IPL reads in this program which then clears unused core storage to zeros, generally performs some house-keeping operations, and then reads in the supervisor.
2) The Supervisor. It can handle execution of any I/O operations and can provide standard processing for all interrupts. It may also queue I/O operations so that the operation will start as soon as the required channel and device are free.
3) Job Control. This program senses and processes all cards; after the new job is loaded, it turns control over to the new job. This system of operation eliminates the necessity of operation intervention between jobs, something which is of particular importance on large computers where the average job time may be less than one minute. The control program is a large program occupying thousands of bytes. It is usually stored on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.
System Service Programs.
They are used to maintain the library: to place new programs into the library, to delete replace, or change existing programs, to read programs from the library into memory, to link segments of programs written at different times into one program. They are called Librarian and Linkage Editor.
6 Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
1) What are the functions of the supervisor?
2) What can you say about system service programs?
Вариант 2
1 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1) They want the “second-generation” version of the 8008 to be used as it executes instructions faster.
2) This microprocessor is reported to have many advantages.
3) This professor’s lectures on microprocessor and microprogramming are considered to be interesting.
4) I know them to be repairing my computer.
2 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите функции инфинитива.
1) To use a modern multifunctional computer for our work is very significant from my point of view.
2) She seems to be writing e-mail to her friend.
3) They left a message to let us know the way the meeting should be organized.
3 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 3)
1) Too many personal computers being used for many purposes, too many scientists decided to improve their characteristics.
2) Having used buble memory he understood that it was faster than floppy disks.
3) The disks made of metal provide a very large density in comparison with other devices.
4 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец).
1) If you had worked in the Computer shop you would know everything about the latest model of computer.
2) If he bought this device he would easily use it.
3) You won’t become an engineer if you don’t study at the University.
5 Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Пояснения к тексту.
1) improved - улучшенный
2) a calculator-like architecture - архитектура, подобная калькулятору
3) lots of competitioners - множество конкурентов.
The 8088’s family
The Intel 8088, introduced in 1972, was the first commercial 8-bit microprocessor, and is still considered the “first-generation” 8-bit microprocessor. Designed with a calculator like architecture, the 8008 had an accumulator, six scrachpad registers, a special address register for temporary storage, eight address registers, and special instructions to perform input and output. In 1973, Intel introduced a “second-generation” version of the 8008, and named it the 8080. The 8080 is essentially an improved 8008, and has more addressing and I/O capability, more instructions and executes instructions faster.
By 1976 advances in technology allowed Intel to produce an enhanced version of the 8080, called the 8085. By the time the 8085 was introduced, Intel had lots of competitioners in the 8-bit microprocessor marketplace. And that is why in 1978 Intel introduced the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor that could process data ten times as fast as the 8080.
The 8086, the “third-generation” microprocessor, is software-compatible with the 8080 at the assembly language level, which means that with some minimal translation, existing 8080 programs can be reassembled and executed on the 8086.
Realizing that many designers will want to use the cheaper 8-bit support and peripheral chips in their 16-bit systems, Intel produced a version of the 8086 with the same 16-bit internal data paths, the 8088. This microprocessor is identical to the 8086, except the 8088 takes more time to make 16-bit transfers because it must perform them with two separate 8-bit transfers.
6 Ответьте на вопрос к тексту письменно.
When was the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor introduced?
Вариант 3
1 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1)
1) The hand-held computer is proved to be necessary for travellers.
2) An automatic “chess-playing device” is known to have appeared in 1769.
3) The program Caissa was used to win the world chess championship for computer programs.
2 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите функции инфинитива.
1) To read an instruction is to know how to use an equipment.
2) He seems to be looking at this device with no sign of comprehension.
3) He went to Moscow to become a good programmer.
3 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 3).
1) Having learned the fifth-generation project he found out that many Japanese scientists had participated in it.
2) Having discovered some artificial intelligence techniques they became popular all over the world.
3) The new computer concept attracting interest from the American Control Data Corporation resulted in the production of the Cybers.
4 Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 4).
1) We shall know what computer memory is if we read an article about it.
2) If Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein hadn’t expressed general laws for the behaviour of heavenly bodies, we would have had no idea about it.
3) If you read a book about programming language, ADA, you would get necessary information about software support.
5 Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Пояснения к тексту.
fellow creatures - люди
crack player - первоклассный игрок
to pit “wits” against - сразиться в “остроумии” с
to have a go - сделать шаг
Computers compete
The first international chess match was played over 100 years ago. Naturally, the contestants were fellow creatures. But an automatic “chess-playing device” had appeared as back as 1769. Kempelen, its inventor, had toured many European countries demonstrating its power. In 1809 the machine played in Vienna against Napoleon. The record of the moves has been preserved. Napoleon lost the game. Kempelen’s “computer” didn’t operate on radio tubes or transistors. Its secret lay in a crack player being secretly hidden inside. But the time has come for real computers to have a go. The electronic computer of Stanford University in the USA pitted its “wits” against its counterpart of the Institute of Theoretical Experimental Physics (Moscow). Four games were played simultaneously. Men acted as “coaches”, and they had provided the programs for the machines. The computers are doing things calmly while the people, above all mathematicians, are all worried. In this case, chess for the mathematicians is but one of means to an end. Some of the most respected publications declared that a machine could never do anything that required thought, that it would never learn to play chess. The mathematicians retorted with: “It all depends on how you teach the machine.” Now there can be no talk about whether a computer can or cannot play chess. Because it can. The program “Caissa”, developed by Moscow scientists headed by the former world chess Champion Mikhail Botvinnik, has won the world chess championship for computer programs several times.
6 Ответьте на вопрос к тексту письменно:
When was the first international chess match played?
Вариант 4
1 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).
1) The transputers which are used to build supercomputers were launched in 1985.
2) The growth of a great civilization has produced an enormous growth in the information to be handled and operated with.
3) A new automatic machine to be invented must be well-designed.
2 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите функции инфинитива.
1) To attend the tutorial classes of this professor is to become clever.
2) The cat seems to be sleeping under the computer table.
3) We learn foreign languages to become well-educated people.
3 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.
1) Having noticed a lot of troublesome arithmetic multiplying and dividing complex numbers, Dr George R. Stibitz constructed the first automatic digital computer, called the Complex Computer.
2) All the substractions having been done they went for a walk.
3) All the reasonable operations having been performed they decided to play computer games.
4 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 4).
1) If you had listened to this professor with great attention you would have had necessary information about an automatic machine invented by Charles Babbage.
2) You wouldn’t give a talk on this topic if you didn’t work at the library.
3) If you know the way it works you can use it.
5 Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
Пояснения к тексту.
advantage - преимущество
connection - связь, соединение
to offer - предлагать.
The Internet
The Internet - also known as the Net - is the world’s largest computer net work, or net. The largest network is, the more stuff it has to offer. The Internet isn’t really a network - it’s a network of networks, all freely exchanging information. The networks range from the big and formal, like the corporate networks at AT&T, Digital Equipment, and Hewlett-Packard, to the small and informal, like the one in my attic.
The set of conventions used to pass packets from one host to another is known as the Internet Protocol or IP. The Internet, quite simply, is the collection of networks that pass packets to each other using IF. It’s entirely possible to set up a network that uses IF but that isn’t actually connected to the Internet. A lot of networks were set up that way in companies that wanted to take advantage of IF (which comes free with every UNIX work station) but that weren’t connected at all to the outside world or were connected only by a dial-up mail connection. In the last year or two, a lot of these disconnected networks have become attached to the Internet because the advantages of being on the Net have increased and because new commercial Internet vendors have made the cost of connection about a tenth of what it used to be. A lot of other protocols are used in connection with IP. The two best known are Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is so widely used that many people refer to TCP/IP, the combination of TCP and IF used by most Internet applications.
6 Ответьте на вопросы к тексту письменно.
1) What is the Internet?
2) What kinds of protocols are used in connection with IP?
Вариант 5
1 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Cobol is proved to be an international programming language developed for general commercial use.
2) The programmer who doesn’t know how to use a computer is considered to be a bad specialist.
3) I want him to repair my computer.
2 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Определите функции инфинитива.
1) To fulfil wishes is to become a happy person.
2) They seem to be learning software.
3) The programmer uses special programming languages to express directions to a computer.
3 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимых и независимых (самостоятельных) причастных оборотов.
1) Having discussed an object program they went on translating an article about the assembler.
2) The machine having been switched off, they left the room.
3) Working with different programs he showed his knowledge in different fields.
4 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 4).
1) If you hadn’t learned kinds of programs you wouldn’t have known the topic “Software”.
2) You won’t invent new programs if you don’t know the basic principles of programming.
3) They wouldn’t be punished if they had been careful with my computer.
5 Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите текст письменно.
Пояснения к тексту.
gossip - сплетня
conversation - разговор
joke - шутка
challenge - вызов
Internet services
Electronic mail (e-mail): This is certainly the most widely used service I you can exchange e-mail with millions of people all over the world. And people use e-mail for anything, they might use paper mail or the telephone for: gossip, recipes, rumors, love letters, you name it. Electronic mailing lists enable you to join in group discussions and meet people over the Net. Mail servers let you retrieve all sorts of information.
On-line conversation: You can “talk” in real time to other users anywhere on the Net. Although on-line conversation is pretty pointless for someone down the hall, it’s great for quick chats with people on other continents, particularly when one party or the other isn’t a native English speaker (typing is easier and clearer than talking).
Information retrieval: Many computers have files of information that are free for the taking. The files range from U.S. Supreme Court decisions and library card catalogs to digitized pictures and an enormous variety of software, from games to operating systems.
Bulletin boards: A system called USENET is an enormous, distributed, on line bulletin board with about 40 million characters of messages in over 2000 different topic groups flowing daily. The most widely read USENET group is one that features selected jokes, most of which are pretty funny.
Games and gossip: A game called MUD (Multi-User Dungeon) can easily absorb all your waking hours - in it you can challenge other players who can be anywhere in the world. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a party line over which you can have more or less interesting conversations with other users all over, the place. IRC seems to be mostly frequented by bored college students, but you never know whom you’ll encounter.
6 Ответьте на вопрос к тексту письменно.
What Internet services do you know?
Методические указания обсуждены и рекомендованы к внутривузовскому изданию на заседании кафедры «Иностранные языки».
Протокол №8 от 4.04.2002г.
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