If you say who you are talking to, use tell:

* Sonia told me that you were ill. (not 'Sonia said me')

* What did you tell the police? (not 'say the police')

Otherwise use say:

* Sonia said that you were ill. (not 'Sonia told that ...')

* What did you say?

But you can say something to somebody':

* Ann said goodbye to me and left. (not 'Ann said me goodbye')

* What did you say to the police?

C. Tell/ask somebody to do something

We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests):

* direct: 'Stay in bed for a few days,' the doctor said to me.

reported: The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.

* direct: 'Don't shout,' I said to Jim.

reported: I told Jim not to shout.

* direct: 'Please don't tell anybody what happened,' Ann said to me.

reported: Ann asked me not to tell anybody what (had) happened.

'... said to do something' is also possible:

* The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days. (but not 'The doctor said me ...')

@p95

EXERCISES

47.1 Here are some things that Ann said to you:

I've never been to the United States.

I don't have any brothers or sisters.

Dave is lazy.

I don't like fish.

I can't drive.

Jane is a friend of mine

I'm working tomorrow evening.

Jane has a very well-paid job.

But later Ann says something different to you. What do you say?

1. Dave works very hard.

_But you said he was lazy._

2. Let's have fish for dinner.

3. I'm going to buy a car.

4. Jane is always short of money.

5. My sister lives in London.

6. I think New York is a fantastic place.

7. Let's go out tomorrow evening.

8. I've never spoken to Jane.

47.2 Complete the sentences with say or tell (in the correct form). Use only one word each time.

1. Ann said goodbye to me and left.

2. --- us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time?

3. Don't just stand there! --- something!

4. I wonder where Sue is. She --- she would be here at 8 o'clock.

5. Jack --- me that he was fed up with his job.

6. The doctor --- that I should rest for at least a week.

7. Don't --- anybody what I --- It's a secret just between us.

8. 'Did she --- you what happened?' 'No, she didn't --- anything to me.'

9. George couldn't help me. He --- me to ask Kate.

10. George couldn't help me. He --- to ask Kate.

47.3 (Section C) The following sentences are direct speech:

Don't wait for me if I'm late.

Will you marry me?

Hurry up!

Can you open your bag, please?

Mind your own business

Please slow down!

Could you repeat what you said,.please?

Don't worry, sue.

Do you think you could give me a hand, Tom?

Now choose one of these to complete each sentence below. Use reported speech.

1. Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I _told him to hurry up._

2. Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked ---

3. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I told ---

4. I couldn't move the piano alone, so I ---

5. The customs officer looked at me suspiciously and ---

6. I had difficulty understanding him, so I ---

7. I didn't want to delay Ann, so I ---

8. John was very much in love with Mary, so he ---

9. He started asking me personal questions, so ---

@p96

UNIT 48. Questions (1)

A. We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the first auxiliary verb (AV) before the subject (S):

Tom will -> will Tom?

* Will Tom be here tomorrow?

you have -> have you?

* Have you been working hard?

I can -> can I?

* What can I do? (not 'What I can do?')

the house was -> was the house?

* When was the house built? (not 'When was built the house?')

B. In present simple questions, we use do/does:

you live -> do you live?

* Do you live near here?

the film begins -> does the film begin?

* What time does the film begin? (not 'What time begins ...?')

In past simple questions, we use did:

you sold -> did you sell?

* Did you sell your car?

the accident happened -> did the accident happen?

* How did the accident happen?

But do not use do/does/did in questions if who/what/which is the subject of the sentence. Compare:

who object

Emma telephoned _somebody._(object)

_Who_(object) did Emma telephone?

who subject

_Somebody_(subject) telephoned Emma.

_Who_(subject) telephoned Emma?

In these examples, who/what/which is the subject:

* Who wants something to eat? (not 'Who does want')

* What happened to you last night? (not 'What did happen')

* Which bus goes to the city centre? (not 'Which bus does go')

C. Note the position of prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where ...?:

* Who do you want to speak to?

* What was the weather like yesterday?

* Which job has Jane applied for?

* Where do you come from?

D. Negative questions (isn't it ...?/didn't you ...?)

We use negative questions especially to show surprise:

* Didn't you hear the bell? I rang it four times.

or when we expect the listener to agree with us:

* 'Haven't we met somewhere before 'Yes, I think we have.'

* Isn't it a beautiful day! (= It's a beautiful day, isn't it?)

Note the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions:

* Don't you want to go to the party? Yes. (=Yes, I want to go)

* Don't you want to go to the party? .No. (=No, I don't want to go)

Note the word order in negative questions beginning Why ...?:

* Why don't we go out for a meal tonight? (not 'Why we don't...')

* Why wasn't Mary at work yesterday? (not 'Why Mary wasn't...')

@p97

EXERCISES

48.1 Ask Liz questions. (Look at her answers before you write the questions.)

1. (where/from?) Where are you from?

_From London originally._

2. (where/live/now?) Where ---

In Manchester.

3. (married?) ---

Yes.

4. (how long/married?) ---

12 years.

5. (children?) ---

Yes, three boys.

6. (how old/they?) ---

4, 7 and 9.

7. (what/husband/do?) ---

He's a policeman.

8. (he/enjoy his job?) ---

Yes, very much.

9. (arrest anyone yesterday?) ---

I don't know.

10. (how often/go/on holiday?) ---

Usually once a year.

11. (where/next year?) ---

We don't know yet.

48.2 Make questions with who or what.

1. Somebody hit me.

_Who hit you?_

2. I hit somebody.

_Who did you hit?_

3. Somebody gave me the key.

Who ---

4. Something happened.

What ---

5. Diane told me something.

---

6. This book belongs to somebody.

---

7. Somebody lives in that house.

---

8 I fell over something.

---

9. Something fell on the floor.

---

10. This word means something.

---

11. I borrowed the money from somebody.

---

12. I'm worried about something.

---

48.3 Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are questions.

1. (when/was/built/this house) _When was this house built?_

2. (how/cheese/is/made)

3. (when/invented /the computer/was)

4. (why/Sue/working/ isn't/today)

5. (what time/coming/your friends/are)

6. (why/was/cancelled/the concert)

7. (where/your mother/was/born)

8. (why/you/to the party/didn't/come)

9. (how/the accident/did/happen)

10. (why/this machine/doesn't/work)

48.4 Write negative questions from the words in brackets. In each situation you are surprised.

1. A: We won't see Ann this evening.

B: Why not? (she/not/come/to the party?) _Isn't she coming to the party?_

2. A: I hope we don't meet Brian tonight.

B: Why? (you/not/like/him?)

3. A: Don't go and see that film.

B: Why not? (it/not/good)

4. A: I'll have to borrow some money.

B: Why? (you/not/have/any?)

@p98

UNIT 49. Questions (2) (Do you know where ..? She asked me where ...)

A. When we ask for information, we often say Do you know ...?/Could you tell me ...? etc. If you begin a question like this, the word order is different from a simple question.

Compare:

Where has Tom gone? (simple question)

but Do you know where Tom has gone? (not 'Do you know where has Tom gone?')

When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a longer sentence (Do you know ...?/I don't know.../Can you tell me ...? etc.), it loses the normal question word order.

Compare:

* What time is it? but Do you know what time it is?

* Who is that woman? but I don't know who that woman is.

* Where can I find Linda? but Can you tell me where I can find Linda?

* How much will it cost? but Have you any idea how much it will cost?

Be careful with do/does/did questions:

* What time the film begins? but Do you know what time the film begins? (not 'Do you know what time does...')

* What do you mean? but Please explain what you mean.

* Why did Ann leave early? but I wonder why Ann left early.

Use if or whether where there is no other question word (what, why etc.):

* Did anybody see you? but Do you know if (or whether) anybody saw you?

B. The same changes in word order happen in reported questions:

direct: The police officer said to us, "Where are you going?

reported: The police officer asked us where we were-going.

direct: Clare said, 'What time do the bank close?

reported: Clare wanted to know what time the banks closed.

In reported questions, the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed). See Unit 46.

Study these examples. You had an interview for a job and these were some of the questions the interviewer asked you:

INTERVIEWER

How old are you?

What do you do in your spare time?

How long have you been working in your present job?

Why did you apply for the job?

Can you speak any foreign languages?

Have you got a driving licence?

Later you tell a friend what the interviewer asked you. You use reported speech:

* She asked (me) how old I was.

* She wanted to know what I did in my spare time.

* She asked (me) how long I had been working in my present job.

* She asked (me) why I had applied for the job. (or ... why I applied)

* She wanted to know whether (or if) I could speak any foreign languages.

* She asked whether (or if) I had a driving licence. (or ... I had got ... )

@p99

EXERCISES

49.1 Make a new sentence from the question in brackets.

1. (Where has Tom gone?) Do you know where Tom has gone?

2. (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where ---

3. (What's the time?) I wonder ---

4. (What does this word mean?) I want to know ---

5. (What time did they leave?) Do you know ---

6. (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don't know ---

7. (Where does Carol live?) Have you any idea ---

8. (Where did I park the car?) I can't remember ---

9. (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell me ---

10. (What do you want?) Tell me ---

11. (Why didn't Kay come to the party?) I don't know ---

12. (Do you have to pay to park here?) Do you know ---

13. (Who is that woman?) I've no idea ---

14. (Did Ann receive my letter?) Do you know ---

15. (How far is it to the airport?) Can you tell me ---

49.2 You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Sue but she isn't there. Somebody else answers the phone. You want to know three things:

(1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? and (3) Did she go out alone?

Complete the conversation:

A: Do you know where ---(1)?

B: Sorry, I've got no idea.

A: Never mind. I don't suppose you know ---(2).

B: No, I'm afraid not.

A: One more thing. Do you happen to know ---(3)?

B: I'm afraid I didn't see her go out.

A: OK. Well, thank you anyway. Goodbye.

49.3 You have been away for a while and have just come back to your home town. You meet Gerry, a friend of yours. He asks you a lot of questions:

1. How are you?

2. Where have you been?

3. How long have you been back?

4. What are you doing now?

5. Where are you living?

6. Why did you come back?

7. Are you glad to be back?

8. Do you have any plans to go away again?

9. can you lend me some money?

Now you tell another friend what Gerry asked you. Use reported speech.

1. _He asked me how I was._

2. He asked me ---

3. He ---

4. ---

5. ---

6. ---

7. ---

8. ---

9. ---

@p100

UNIT 50. Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so/I hope so etc.

A. There are two verbs in each of these sentences:

I have lost my keys.

She can't come to the party.

The hotel was built ten years ago.

Where do you live?

In these examples have/can't/was/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs.

You can use an auxiliary verb (without the rest of the sentence) when you don't want to repeat something:

* 'Have you locked the door?' 'Yes, I have.' (= I have locked the door)

* George wasn't working but Janet was. (= Janet was working)

* She could lend me the money but she won't. (= she won't lend me the money)

* 'Are you angry with me?' 'Of course I'm not.' (= I'm not angry)

Use do/does/did for the present and past simple:

* 'Do you like onions?' 'Yes, I do. (= I like onions)

* 'Does Mark smoke?' 'He did but he doesn't any more.'

B. We use have you?/isn't she?/do they? etc. to show polite interest in what somebody has said:

* 'I've just met Simon.' 'Oh, have you? How is he?'

* 'Liz isn't very well today.' 'Oh,98 isn't she? What's wrong with her?'

* 'It rained every day during our holiday.' 'Did it? What a pity!'

Sometimes we use these 'short questions' to show surprise:

* 'Jim and Nora are getting married.' 'Are they? Really?'

C. We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither:

* 'I'm feeling tired.' 'So am L' (= I'm feeling tired too)

* 'I never read newspapers.' 'Neither do L' (= I never read newspapers either)

* Sue hasn't got a car and neither has Martin.

Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject):

* I passed the exam and so did Tom. (not 'so Tom did')

You can use nor instead of neither:

* 'I can't remember his name.' 'Nor can L' or 'Neither can I'

You can also use '...not ... either':

* 'I haven't got any money.' 'Neither have I' or 'Nor have I' or 'I haven't either.'

D. I think so/I hope so etc.

After some verbs you can use so when you don't want to repeat something:

* 'Are those people English?' J think so.' (= I think they are English)

* 'Will you be at home tomorrow morning?' 'I expect so.' (= I expect I'll be at home..)

* 'Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?' 'I suppose so.'

You can also say I hope so, I guess so and I'm afraid so.

The usual negative forms are:

I think so/I expect so -> I don't think so/I don't expect so

I hope so/I'm afraid so/I guess so -> I hope not/I'm afraid not/I guess not

I suppose so/I don't suppose so or I suppose not

* 'Is that woman American?' 'I think so./I don't think so.'

* 'Do you think it's going to rain?' J hope so./I hope not.' (not 'I don't hope so')

@p101

EXERCISES

50.1 Complete the sentences with an auxiliary verb (do/was/could/should etc.). Sometimes the verb must be negative (don't/wasn't etc.).

1. I wasn't tired but my friends _were._

2. I like hot weather but Ann ---

3. 'Is Colin here?' 'He --- five minutes ago but I think he's gone home now.'

4. She might phone later this evening but I don't think she ---.

5. 'Are you and Chris coming to the party?' 'I --- but Chris ---.'

6. I don't know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think I ---?

7. 'Please don't tell anybody what I said.' 'Don't worry. I ---.'

8. 'You never listen to me.' 'Yes, I ---!'

9. 'Can you play a musical instrument?' 'No, but I wish I ---.'

10. 'Please help me.' 'I'm sorry. I --- if I --- but I ---.'

50.2 You never agree with Sue. Answer in the way shown.

1. I'm hungry. _Are you? I'm not._

2. I'm not tired. _Aren't you? I am._

3. I like football. ---

4. I didn't enjoy the film. ---

5. I've never been to South America. ---

6. I thought the exam was quite easy. ---

50.3 You are talking to Tina. Write true sentences about Yourself. Reply with So ... or Neither... if suitable. Study the two examples carefully.

1. I feel really tired. _So do I_

2. I'm working hard. _Are you? I'm not._

3. I watched television last week. ---

4. I won't be in London next week. ---

5. I live in a small town. ---

6. I'd like to go to the moon. ---

7. I can't play the trumpet. ---

50.4 In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in brackets and then answer with I think so, I hope not etc.

1. (You don't like rain.)

A: Is it going to rain?

B: (hope) _I hope not._

2. (You need more money quickly.)

A: Do you think you'll get a pay rise soon?

B: (hope) ---

3. (You think Diane will probably get the job that she applied for.)

A: I wonder if Diane will get the job.

B: (expect) ---

4. (You're not sure whether Jill is married--probably not.)

A: Is Jill married?

B: (think) ---

5. (You are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotel is full.)

A: Have you got a room for tonight?

B: (afraid) ---

6. (You're at a party. You have to leave early.)

A: Do you have to leave already?

B: (afraid) ---

7. (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.)

A: Is Ann working tomorrow?

B: (suppose) ---

8. (You are going to a party. You can't stand John.)

A: Do you think John will be at the party?

B: (hope) ---

9. (You're not sure what time the concert is--probably 7.30.)

A: Is the concert at 7.30?

B: (think) ---

@p102

UNIT 51. Question tags (do you? isn't it? etc.)

A. Study these examples:

You haven't seen Mary today, have you?

No, I'm afraid not.

It was a good film, wasn't it?

Yes. I really enjoyed it.

Have you? and wasn't it? are question tags (= mini-questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English). In question tags, we use an auxiliary verb (have/was/will etc.).

We use do/does/did for the present and past simple (see also Unit 50):

* 'Karen plays the piano, doesn't she?' 'Well, yes, but not very well.'

* 'You didn't lock the door, did you?' 'No, I forgot.'

B. Normally we use a negative question tag after a positive sentence:

positive sentence + negative tag

Mary will be here soon, won't she?

There was a lot of traffic, wasn't there?

Jim should pass the exam, shouldn't he?

... and a positive question tag after a negative sentence:

negative sentence + positive tag

Mary won't be late, will she?

They don't like us, do they?

You haven't got a car, have you?

Notice the meaning of yes and no in answer to a negative sentence:

* You're not going out today, are you? Yes. (Yes, I am going out)

* You're not going out today, are you? No. (No, I am not going out)

C. The meaning of a question tag depends on how you say it. If your voice goes down, you aren't really asking a question; you are only inviting the listener to agree with you:

* 'It's a nice day, isn't it?' 'Yes, lovely.'

* 'Tim doesn't look well today, dose he? 'No, he looks very tired.'

* She's very pretty. She's got beautiful eyes, hasn't she?

But if the voice goes up, it is a real question:

* 'You haven't seen Mary today, have you?' 'No, I'm afraid not.'

(= Have you seen Mary today by any chance?)

We often use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask somebody to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these:

* 'You haven't got a pen, have you?' 'Yes, here you are.'

* 'You couldn't do me a favour, could you?' 'It depends what it is.'

* 'You don't know where Karen is, do you?'Sorry, I've no idea.'

D. After Let's... the question tag is ... shall we?:

Let's go for a walk, shall we?

After the imperative (Do.../Don't do... etc.), the tag is usually ... will you?:

Open the door, will you?

Don't be late, will you?

Note that we say ... aren't I? (= am I not?):

I'm late, aren't I?

@p103

EXERCISES

51.1 Put a question tag on the end of these sentences.

1. Tom won't be late, will her? No, he's never late.

2. You're tired, aren't you? Yes, a little.

3. You've got a camera, ---? Yes, why? Do you want to borrow it?

4. You weren't listening, ---? Yes, I was!

5. Sue doesn't know Ann, ---? No, they've never met.

6. Jack's on holiday, ---? Yes, he's in Portugal.

7. Ann's applied for the job, ---? Yes, but she won't get it.

8. You can speak German, ---? Yes, but not very fluently.

9. He won't mind if I use his phone, ---? No, of course he won't.

10. There are a lot of people here, ---? Yes, more than I expected.

11. Let's go out tonight, ---? Yes, let's.

12. This isn't very interesting, ---? No, not very.

13. I'm too impatient, ---? Yes, you are sometimes.

14. You wouldn't tell anyone ---?No, of course not.

15. Listen, ---? OK, I'm listening.

16. I shouldn't have lost my temper, ---? No, but never mind.

17. Don't drop that vase, ---? No, don't worry.

18. He'd never met her before, ---?, No, that was the first time.

51.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with a question tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you.

1. You look out of the window. The sky is blue and the sun is shining. What do you say to your friend? (beautiful day)

_It's a beautiful day, isn't_

2. You're with a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at the prices, which are very high. What do you say? (expensive)

It ---

3. You've just come out of the cinema with a friend'. You really enjoyed the film. What do you say to your friend? (great)

The film ---

4. You and a friend are listening to a woman singing. You like her voice very much. What do you say to your friend? (a lovely voice)

She ---

5. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror and you don't like what you see. What do you say to your friend? (not/took/very good)

It ---

6. Your friend's hair is much shorter than when you last met. What do you say to her/him? (have/your hair/cut)

You ---

7. You and a friend are walking over a wooden bridge. It is very old and some parts are broken. What do you say? (not/very safe)

This bridge ---

51.3 In these situations you are asking for information and asking people to do things. Make sentences like those in Section C.

1. You need a pen. Perhaps Jane has got one. Ask her.

Jane, you haven't got a pen. have you?

2. Jack is just going out. You want him to get you some stamps. Ask him.

Jack, you ---

3. You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Kate knows where she is. Ask her.

Kate, you ---

4. You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps Helen has got one. Ask her.

Helen ---

5. You're looking for your keys. Perhaps Robin has seen them. Ask him.

@p136

UNIT 68. Countable and uncountable nouns (1)

A. A noun can be countable or uncountable. Compare:

#1 Countable

* I eat a banana every day.

* I like bananas.

Banana is a countable noun.

A countable noun can be singular (banana)or plural (bananas).

Countable nouns are things we can count. So we can say 'one banana', 'two bananas' etc.

Examples of nouns usually countable:

* There's a beach near here.

* Ann was singing a song.

* Have you got a ten-pound note?

* It wasn't your fault. It was an accident.

* There are no batteries in the radio.

* We haven't got enough cups.

#2 Uncountable

* I eat rice every day.

* I like rice.

Rice is an uncountable noun.

An uncountable noun has only one form(rice).

Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. We cannot say 'one rice', 'two rices' etc.

Examples of nouns usually uncountable:

* There's sand in my shoes.

* Ann was listening to (some) music.

* Have you got any money?

* It wasn't your fault. It was bad luck.

* There is no electricity in this house.

* We haven't got enough cups.

* We haven't got enough water.

B. #1 You can use a/an with singular countable nouns:

a beach a student an umbrella

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):

* I want a banana. (not 'I want banana')

* There's been an accident. (not 'There's been accident')

You can use plural countable nouns alone:

* I like bananas. (= bananas in general)

* Accident can be prevented.

See also Unit 74.

#2 You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. We do not say 'a sand' or 'a music'. But you can often use a ... of:

a bowl of rice a drop of water a piece of music a game of tennis etc.

You can use uncountable nouns alone (without the/my/some etc.):

* I eat rice every day.

* There's blood on your shirt.

* Can you hear music?

See also Unit 74.

C. #1 You can use some and any plural countable nouns:

* We sang some songs.

* Did you buy any apples?

We use many and few with plural countable nouns:

* We didn't take many photographs.

* I have a few jobs to do.

#2 You can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

* We listened to some music.

* Did you buy any apple juice?

We use much and little with uncountable nouns:

* We didn't do much shopping.

* I have a little work to do.

@p137

EXERCISES

68.1 Some of these sentences need a/an. Correct the sentences which are wrong. If the sentence is already correct, put 'RIGHT'.

1. Jim goes everywhere by bike. He hasn't got car.

_a car_

2. Ann was listening to music when I arrived.

RIGHT.

3. We went to very nice restaurant last weekend.

4. I clean my teeth with toothpaste.

5. I use toothbrush to clean my teeth.

6. Can you tell me if there's bank near here?

7. My brother works for insurance company in London.

8. I don't like violence.

9. Can you smell paint?

10. We need petrol. I hope we come to petrol station soon.

11. I wonder if you can help me. I have problem.

12. John has got interview for job tomorrow.

13. Liz doesn't usually wear jewellery but yesterday she was wearing necklace.

14. I think volleyball is very good game.

68.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Use a/an where necessary.

accident biscuit blood coat decision electricity key letter moment question sugar

1. It wasn't your fault. It was _an accident._

2. Listen! Can you hear _music?_

3. I couldn't get into the house because I didn't have ---.

4. It's very warm today. Why are you wearing ---?

5. Do you take --- in your coffee?

6. Are you hungry? Would you like --- with your coffee?

7. Our lives would be very difficult without ---.

8. I didn't phone them. I wrote --- instead.

9. The heart pumps --- through the body.

10. Excuse me, but can I ask you ---?

11. I'm not ready yet. Can you wait. --- please?

12. We can't delay much longer. We have to make --- soon.

68.3 Complete the sentences using one of the following words. Sometimes the word needs to be plural (-s).

air country day friend meat language letter patience people photograph queue space

1. I had my camera but I didn't take many _photographs._

2. There are seven --- in a week.

3. A vegetarian is a person who doesn't eat ---.

4. Outside the cinema there was --- of people waiting to see the film.

5. I'm not very good at writing ---.

6. Last night I went out with some --- of mine.

7. There were very few --- in the shops today. They were almost empty.

8. I'm going out for a walk. I need some fresh ---.

9. George always wants things quickly. He's got no ---.

10. Do you speak any foreign ---?

11. Jane travels a lot. She has been to many ---.

12. Our flat is very small. We haven't got much ---.

@p138

UNIT 69. Countable and uncountable nouns (2)

A. Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in meaning. Compare:

#1 Countable

* Did you hear a noise just now? (= a particular noise)

* I bought a paper to read. (= a newspaper)

* There's a hair in my soup! (= one single hair)

* You can stay with us. There is a spare room. (= a room in a house)

* I had some interesting experiences while I was away. (= things that happened to me)

* Enjoy your holiday. Have a good time!

#2 Uncountable

* I can't work here. There's too much noise. (not 'too many noises')

* I need some paper to write on. (= material for writing on)

* You've got very long hair. (not 'hairs') (= all the hair on your head)

* You can't sit here. There isn't room. (= space)

* They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience. (not 'experiences')

* I can't wait. I haven't got time.

B. Coffee/tea/beer/juice etc. (drinks) are normally uncountable:

* I don't drink coffee very often.

But they can be countable when you are thinking of a cup/a glass etc. So you can say:

* (in a restaurant) Two coffees and an orange juice, please.

C. There are some nouns that are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages. For example:

accommodation behaviour damage luck permission traffic bread furniture luggage progress weather chaos information news scenery work

These nouns are usually uncountable, so:

i) you cannot use a/an with them (you cannot say 'a bread', 'an advice' etc.) and

ii) they are not normally plural (we do not say 'breads', 'advices' etc.).

* I'm going to buy some bread. or .. a loaf of bread. (not 'a bread')

* Enjoy your holiday! I hope you have good weather. (not 'a good weather')

* Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not 'furnitures')

News is uncountable, not plural:

* The news was very depressing. (not 'the news were')

Travel (noun) means 'travelling in general'. You cannot say 'a travel' to mean a journey or a trip:

* We had a very good journey. (not 'a good travel')

Compare these countable and uncountable nouns:

#1 Countable

* I'm looking for a job.

* What a beautiful view!

* It's a nice day today.

* We had a lot of bags and cases.

* These chairs are mine.

* It was a good suggestion.

#2 Uncountable

* I'm looking for work. (not 'a work')

* What beautiful scenery!

* It's nice weather today.

* We had a lot of luggage. (not 'luggages')

* This furniture is mine.

* It was good advice.

@p139

EXERCISES

69.1 Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct?

1. 'Did you hear _noise/a noise- just now?' 'No, I didn't hear anything.' ('a noise' is correct)

2. a. If you want to know the news, you can read _paper/a paper._

b. I want to write some letters but I haven't got _a paper/any paper_ to write on.

3. a. I thought there was somebody in the house because there was _light/a light_ on inside.

b. _Light/A light_ comes from the sun.

4. a. I was in a hurry this morning. I didn't have _time/a time_ for breakfast.

b. 'Did you enjoy your holiday?' 'Yes, we had _wonderful time/a wonderful time._'

5. Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful _advice/advices._

6. We had _very good weather/a very good weather_ while we were on holiday.

7. We were very unfortunate. We had _bad luck/a bad luck._

8. It's very difficult to find a _work/job_ at the moment.

9. Our _travel/journey_ from London to Istanbul by train was very tiring.

10. When the fire alarm rang, there was _total chaos/a total chaos._

11. I had to buy _a/some_ bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches.

12. Bad news _don't/doesn't_ make people happy.

13. _Your hair is/Your hairs are_ too long. You should have it/them cut.

14. Nobody was hurt in the accident but _the damage/the damages_ to the car _was/were_ quite bad.

69.2 Complete the sentences using these words. Sometimes you need the plural (-s).

chair experience experience furniture hair information job luggage permission progress work

1. I didn't have much _luggage_--just two small bags.

2. They'll tell you all you want to know. They'll give you plenty of ---

3. There is room for everybody to sit down. There are plenty of ---

4. We have no ---, not even a bed or a table.

5. 'What does Alan look like?' He's got a long beard and very short ---

6. Carla's English is better than it was. She's made ---

7. George is unemployed. He's looking for a ---

8. George is unemployed. He's looking for ---

9. If you want to leave work early, you have to ask for ---

10. I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got enough ---

11. Rita has done many interesting things. She should write a book about her ---

69.3 What do you say in these situations? Complete the sentences using one of the words from Section C.

1. Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can't see any suitcases or bags.

You ask them: Have _you got luggage?_

2. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see in the town. You say:

I'd like ---

3. You are a student at school. You want your teacher to advise you about which examinations to take. You say:

Can you give me ---?

4. You want to watch the news on TV but you don't know what time it is on. You ask your friend:

What time ---?

5. You are standing at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It is lovely. You say:

It ---, isn't it?

6. You look out of the window. The weather is horrible: cold, wet and windy. You say to your friend:

What ---!

@p140

UNIT 70. Countable nouns with a/an and some

A. Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

a dog a child the evening this party an umbrella dogs some children the evenings these parties two umbrellas

B. Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an:

* Goodbye! Have a nice evening.

* Do you need an umbrella?

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):

* She never wears a hat. (not 'She never wears hat')

* Be careful of the dog. (not 'Be careful of dog')

* What a beautiful day!

* I've got a headache.

C. We use a/an ... to say what kind of thing or person something/somebody is:

* A dog is an animal.

* I'm an optimist.

* Tim's father is a doctor.

* Are you a good driver?

* Jill is a really nice person.

* What a lovely dress!

We say that somebody has a long nose/a nice face/a strong heart etc.:

* Jack has got a long nose. (not 'the long nose')

In sentences like these, we use plural nouns alone (not with 'some'):

* Dogs are animals.

* Most of my friends are students.

* Jill's parents are really nice people.

* What awful shoes!

* Jack has got blue eyes. (not 'the blue eyes')

Remember to use a/an when you say what somebody's job is:

* Sandra is a nurse. (not 'Sandra is nurse')

* Would you like to be an English teacher?

D. You can use some with plural countable nouns. We use some in two ways:

i) Some = a number of/a few of/a pair of:

* I've seen some good films recently. (not 'I've seen good films')

* Some friends of mine are coming to stay at the weekend.

* I need some new sunglasses, (= a new pair of sunglasses)

Do not use some when you are talking about things in general (see also Unit 74):

* I love bananas. (not 'some bananas')

* My aunt is a writer. She writes books. (not 'some books')

Sometimes you can make sentences with or without some (with no difference in meaning):

* There are (some) eggs in the fridge if you're hungry.

ii) Some = some but not all

* Some children learn very quickly. (but not all children)

* Some police officers in Britain carry guns, but most of them don't.

@p141

EXERCISES

70.1 What are these things? Try and find out if you don't know.

1. an ant? _It's an insects._

2. ants? bees? _They're insects._

3. a cauliflower?

4. chess?

5. a violin? a trumpet? a flute?

6. a skyscraper?

7. Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter?

8. a tulip?

9. the Rhine? the Nile? the Mississippi?

10 a pigeon? an eagle? a crow?

Who were these people?

11. Beethoven? _Has was a composer._

12. Shakespeare?

13. Albert Einstein?

14. Washington? Lincoln? John Kennedy?

15. Marilyn Monroe?

16 Elvis Presley? John Lennon?

17. Van Gogh? Renoir? Gauguin?

70.2 Read about what these people do and say what their jobs are. Choose one of these jobs:

driving instructor interpreter journalist nurse pilot plumber travel agent waiter

1. Stella looks after patients in hospital. _She's a nurse._

2. George works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He ---

3. Mary arranges people's holidays for them. She ---

4. Ron works for an airline. He flies aeroplane. ---

5. Linda teaches people how to drive. ---

6. Dave fits and repairs water pipes. ---

7. Jenny writes articles for a newspaper. ---

8. John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other. ---

70.3 Put in alan or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty(-).

1. I've seen some good films recently.

2. What's wrong with you? Have you got _a_ headache?

3. I know a lot of people. Most of them are - students.

4. When I was --- child, I used to be very shy.

5. Would you like to be --- actor?

6. Do you collect --- stamps?

7. What --- beautiful garden!

8. --- birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.

9. I've been walking for three hours. I've got --- sore feet.

10. I don't feel very well this morning. I've got --- sore throat.

11. It's a pity we haven't got --- camera. I'd like to take --- photograph of that house.

12. Those are --- nice shoes. Where did you get them?

13. I'm going shopping. I want to buy --- new shoes.

14. You need --- visa to visit --- countries, but not all of them.

15. Jane is --- teacher. Her parents were --- teachers too.

16. Do you enjoy going to --- concerts?

17. When we got to the city centre --- shops were still open but most of them were closed.

18. I don't believe him. He's --- liar. He's always telling --- lies.

@p142

UNIT 71. A/an and the

A. Study this example:

JOHN: I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch. The sandwich wasn't very good but the apple was nice.

John says 'a sandwich', 'an apple' because this is the first time he talks about them.

John now says 'the sandwich', 'the apple because Karen knows which sandwich and which apple he means - the sandwich and the apple he had for lunch.

Compare a and the in these examples:

* A man and a woman were sitting opposite me. The man was American but I think the woman was British.

* When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we had our evening meal at the hotel and sometimes we went to a restaurant.

B. We use the when we are thinking of one particular thing. Compare a/an and the:

* Tom sat down on a chair. (perhaps one of many chairs in the room)

but Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (a particular chair)

* Ann is looking for a job. (not a particular job)

but Did Ann get the job she applied for? (a particular job)

* Have you got a car? (not a particular car)

but I cleaned the car yesterday. (= my car)

For a see also Units 70 and 72A.

C. We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about 'the light/the floor/the ceiling/the door/the carpet' etc.:

* Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)

* I took a taxi to the station. (= the station in that town)

* I'd like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop etc.)