- •Прочтите текст, назовите главные задачи развития машиностроения.
- •Опишите влияние рынка сбыта продукции на новые производственные системы.
- •Перечислите основные изменения рынка. Чем вызваны эти изменения ?
- •Назовите главные требования к новым изделиям и технологиям.
- •Какие новые функции должны быть введены в производственную систему посредством реконфигурации ?
- •Docs reconfigurability deal with cost-effective, quick reactions to market changes ?
- •What are the cornerstones of a new manufacturing trend?
- •What market changes are occuring during recent years ?
- •What is the main reason for rms development ?
- •What do these changes reflect ?
- •Why must new functions be added to the manufacturing system through reconfiguration ?
- •Is a different type of reconfiguration needed to cope with the large fluctuations in product demand ?
- •Are the large fluctuations in product demand caused by the new market conditions ?
- •Прочтите текст, дайте определение гибкой производственной системы (гпс).
- •Назовите основные преимущества и недостатки гпс .
- •Чем объясняется высокая себестоимость продукции на линии гпс?
- •Почему чпу общего назначения устанавливаются перед тем, как изготовитель выберет станки и составит план процесса ?
- •Объясните, почему гпс и станки с чпу создаются со встроенными функциональными системами и каков общий подход к возможностями гпс.
- •Какой тип системы гпс приводит к повышению себестоимости?
- •1. Fms consist of expensive, general-purpose computer-numercally- controlled (cnc) machines .
- •The flexible manufacturing systems are not effective when designed with multi-axis machines that operate in parallel .
- •Many of the manufacturers that bought fmSs are pleased with their perfomance.
- •The high cost of fms is one of the major reasons for the low level of acceptance or satisfaction with fms .
- •General-purpose cnCs are built after the manufacturer selects machines and after process planning is undertaken .
- •The combination of high equipment cost and low productivity makes the cost per part relatively low .
- •This approach increases cost since it requires a parallel system structure for fms .
- •Is lower than that of rigid lines...
- •It is also a common assumption that
- •Can fmSs produce a variety of products with changeable volume on the same system?
- •What does fms consist of?
- •Why are flexible systems not widely adopted ?
- •Are the manufacturers that bought fmSs pleased with their performance?
- •Why is the fms productivity is lower than that of rigid lines?
- •Are cnc machines designed around the part ?
- •Why are the general-purpose cnCs built before the manufacturer selects machines and before process planning is undertaken ?
- •What creates capital cost in fms ?
- •Describe the type of a system structure for fms . Is it a very expensive solution ?
- •Прочитайте текст, дайте определение конфигурации системы .
- •Назовите примеры возможных конфигураций .
- •Расскажите, какие условия привели к созданию новой реконфигурируемой производственной системы (рпс).
- •Дайте определение реконфигурируемой производственной системы (рпс).
- •Опишите основные компоненты рпс .
- •Какова особенность конструкции реконфигурируемых станков (рс)?
- •A system configuration is defined as a set of machines and the connections among them .
- •The number of possible configurations is very limited .
- •Each configuration has to be evaluted for productivity, part quality and cost.
- •An rms is not designed at the outset for rapid change in structure, as well as in hardware and software components .
- •Design of a manufacturing system around the part family reduces the system cost.
- •A new type of modular machines with a changeable structure does not allow adjustment of its components .
- •How is a system configuration be defined ?
- •How many configurations are there for six machines ?
- •What kind of a problem requires a new manufacturing technology ?
- •Can a new system (rms) react to market changes quickly and efficienty?
- •What is the purpose for designing an rms at the outset ?
- •Does the adjustable structure enable system and machine adaptibility to new products?
- •Is the rms designed to react to market changes quickly and efficiently? Describe the main design features .
- •What are the main components of rms ?
- •1. Прочтите текст, назовите общую черту существующих жестких и гибких систем.
- •Найдите в тексте описание двух технологий, позволяющих осуществлять реконфигурацию.
- •Позволяет ли новая система изменять производительность и функциональность в ответ на требования рынка ?
- •Назовите ключевые характеристики рпс. Дайте описание характеристик.
- •The common feature for existing dedicated and flexible systems is their use of reconfigurable hardware and reconfigurable software .
- •The use of rms allows simultaneous reconfiguration of the whole system, the machine hardware and the control software .
- •Machine and control modules are not designed with interfaces for component integration .
- •Conversion requires changing tools, part - programs, and fixtures, and may require manual adjustment of passive degrees-of-freedom .
- •Detecting unacceptable part quality is not critical in reducing time in rms.
- •Modularity, integrability, and diagnosability reduce time and effort, convertibility reduces cost.
- •A system that pocesses these key characteristics has a low level of reconfigurability .
- •What is the common feature for existing dedicated and flexible systems?
- •What tendency do the emerging technologies show ?
- •What is the main purpose of an rms ?
- •Why must reconfigurable systems be designed at the outset to be reconfigurable ?
- •Describe the key characteristics of an rms ?
- •What factors reduce reconfiguration time and effort ?
- •What factors reduce cost ?
- •Прочтите текст, назовите цель создания модульной конструкций рпс. Каким образом достигается взаимозаменяемость станочных модулей?
- •Какие факторы гарантируют лёгкую перестраиваемость ?
- •Насколько важна контролирующая программа в системе рпс ?
- •Какова причина разделения производственных систем на разные уровни?
- •При каких условиях возможна приспособляемость рпс ?
- •Какие типы интерфейсов используются в системе рпс ?
- •Word study
- •Reconfigurable manufacturing systems need a modular structure to meet the requirements for changeability .
- •To guarantee easy reconfigurability only the physical systems must be updated .
- •In rms the supervisory program must be adaptable to different system configurations.
- •The influence of the modular structure on the reconfigurability of manufacturing systems does not depend on the choice of the module dimensions.
- •Machine tools can be used as modules in constructing an rms similar to flexible manufacturing systems .
- •The rapid adaptability of rmSs is impossible by the use of mechanical modules, control modules, hydraulic and electric modules .
- •Interfaces can be divided into mechanical interfaces and interfaces for data, energy and auxiliary material transmission .
- •Interfaces can be divided into ...
- •What kind of structure is needed for reconfigurable manufacturing systems to meet the requirements for changeability ?
- •How can this exchangeability be accomplished ?
- •Is it important for supervisory program to be adaptable to different system configurations in rms ?
- •Can machine tools be used as modules in constructing an rms similar to flexible manufacturing systems ?
- •What is a modular set ?
- •Describle the functions of interfaces in rms ?
- •1 .Прочтите текст, опишите, что требуется при конструировании реконфигурируемых станков (pc). Что должен обеспечивать каждый модуль станка?
- •Какие процессы обработки должны выполнять реконфигурируемые станки ?
- •Каким образом осуществляется реконфигурация обрабатывающей
- •Что обеспечивает новые возможности модульной конструкции станков?
- •In designing modular machine tools a library of machine modules should be used.
- •Each module can not provide a fundamental motion .
- •The main purpose is to design an optimum rms in terms of cost, productivity, part quality and reconfiguration time .
- •The machinining systems can not easily be reconfigured by simply the basic units or modules of the systems of the machine .
- •Перечислите возможные конструкционные изменения изделий .
- •Опишите реконфигурацию станка, связанную с размером заготовки .
- •Опишите реконфигурацию станка, связанную с геометрией детали .
- •Опишите реконфигурацию станка, обусловленную изменением процесса обработки.
- •Workpiece size
- •Part geometry and complexity
- •Production rate
- •Required machining processes
- •The primary aim of an rmt is to cope with various changes in the products or parts to be manufactured .
- •In order to cope with simple changes in the size of the workpiece, it will not be enough to prepare machine units (modules), such as a column, table, spindle unit, etc ...
- •In order to increase the machine functionality for geometric complexity of the parts, the number of axes-of-motion is increased by removing new motion units.
- •In order to increase production rate, the capacity of the machine spindle unit can be changed from single-spindle unit to dual-or even multi-spindle unit.
- •The multi-spindle unit is not powerful enough to increase the productivity.
- •The number of spindles may vary to accommodate the desired production rate .
- •In order to cope with changes in the machining process, only the cutting tool must be changed .
- •It will be enough to prepare machine units (modules)...
- •In order to increase rate ...
- •What is the primary aim of an rmt ?
- •How to cope with simple changes in the size of the workpiece ?
- •How is reconfigurability for workpiece size achieved ?
- •What is needed to increase the machine functionality for geometric complexity of the parts ?
- •What is needed to increase production rate ?
- •Is the multi-spindle unit a very powerful tool to increase the productivity?
- •Can the number of spindles be varied to accomodate the desired production rate ?
- •How to cope with changes in the machining process ?
- •How can milling and drilling operations be performed on a turning center?
9
The
RMS is designed to cope with situations where both productivity
and
the ability of the system to react to change are very important.
The
main components of RMS are CNC machines and Reconfiqurable
Machine
Tools (RMTs) - a new type of modular machines
with a
changeable structure that allows adjustment of its
components (for example,
adding a second spindle unit).
Word
study
Practice
1.
Скажите, соответствуют ли данные
предложения
содержанию текста. Если
нет. дайтe правильный
вариант ответа.
Practice
2.
Закончите предложения, выбрав
соответствующий вариант
в правой
колонке.
A
new manufacturing
technology ...
The
RMS is designed at the
outset for
Design
of a manufacturing
systems around the part
family...
rapid
change in structure in
order to quickly adjust
production
capacity.
does
not only combines the
flexibility of FMS.
are
very important.
Both
productivity and the
reduces
the system cost.
A system configuration is defined as a set of machines and the connections among them .
The number of possible configurations is very limited .
Each configuration has to be evaluted for productivity, part quality and cost.
An rms is not designed at the outset for rapid change in structure, as well as in hardware and software components .
Design of a manufacturing system around the part family reduces the system cost.
A new type of modular machines with a changeable structure does not allow adjustment of its components .
10
ability
of the system to
react to change ...
Each
configuration has to be
evaluated for ...
a
new type of modular
machine.
Reconfiqurable
Machine
Tool is ...
productivity,
part quality
and cost.
Practice
3.
Образуйте свои предложения , используя
словосочетания
Practice 2
Practice
4.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 3 .
Practice
5.
Перескажите текст, используя ответы
на вопросы к тексту 3
в качестве плана.
Unit
4 Technologies enabling reconfiguration
of
equipment.
Text
4.
How is a system configuration be defined ?
How many configurations are there for six machines ?
What kind of a problem requires a new manufacturing technology ?
Can a new system (rms) react to market changes quickly and efficienty?
What is the purpose for designing an rms at the outset ?
Does the adjustable structure enable system and machine adaptibility to new products?
Is the rms designed to react to market changes quickly and efficiently? Describe the main design features .
What are the main components of rms ?
1. Прочтите текст, назовите общую черту существующих жестких и гибких систем.
14
Active
vocabulary.
reconfigurable
system - реконфигурируемая система
(РПС);
Dedicated Manufacturing Line (DML) -
жёсткая производственная
система;
fixed
machine hardware - жёсткая механическая
система комыотера ;
fixed software -
жёсткая программа ; to integrate -
объединять.составить
целое ;
integrability - целостность ;
module - модуль ; modular
-
модульный ; modularity -
модульность ; to emerge -
появляться,
возникать;
convertibility
- перекомпонуемость;
diagnosability
- диагностика ; functionality -
функциональность ;
tooling
- набор инструментов ; integration
- объединения ;
batch
- партия изделий ; operating
mode - рабочий режим ;
to
reduce cost - снизить стоимость ;
effort - усилие, напряжение ;
to tune
-
настраивать ; to reduce - снижать
; unacceptable - недопустимый,
неприемлемый.
The
common feature for existing dedicated (rigid) and flexible
systems
is their use of fixed hardware and fixed software. For
example, only part
programs can be changed on CNC machines, but
not the software
architecture or the control algorithms.
Therefore, these systems, including
CNC and FMS, are static
systems and are not reconfigurable. Manufacturing
systems
designed at the outset for reconfigurability do not exist
today.
During the last few years, however, two technologies that
are necessary for
reconfiguration have emerged.
These
emerging technologies show a tendency toward the design of
systems
with reconfigurable hardware and reconfigurable software as shown
in
Fig. 1.
Reconfigurable
hardware and software are necessary but not sufficient
conditions
for a true RMS. The main purpose of RMS is to utilize the
design
of the manufacturing process that allows simultaneous
Найдите в тексте описание двух технологий, позволяющих осуществлять реконфигурацию.
Позволяет ли новая система изменять производительность и функциональность в ответ на требования рынка ?
Назовите ключевые характеристики рпс. Дайте описание характеристик.
|
12
reconfiquration
of the whole system, the machine hardware and the
control
software.
Unlike
existing manufacturing systems that utilize fixed hardware
and
fixed software (e.g.. CNC and FMS), the RMS will be
designed through the
use of reconfigurable hardware and
software. With such design, the system
capacity
and functionality
are not fixed but
change over time
in response to
market demand. This new type of RMS will allow
flexibility not only in
producing a variety of parts, but
also in changing the system itself. |
Fixed Machine Hardware |
Reconfigurable Hardware |
|
No software
|
Manual machines, Dedicated mfg.lines (DML) |
|
|
Fixed control software |
CNC machines, robots, Flexible mfg. systems |
Modular CNC 1 machines
|
|
Reconfigurable software |
Modular, open- architecture controller |
RMS |
|
System configuration rules & economic modelling |
||
Fig.1
Classes of manufacturing systems. RMS design not only
combines
reconfigurable hardware but also includes systems
perspective and economic
modelling.
Reconfigurable
systems must be designed at the outset to be reconfigurable, and
must be created by using hardware and software modules that can
be
integrated quickly and reliably ; otherwise,
the reconfiguration process
will be both lengthy and impractical.
For achieving this design an RMS must
possess the several key
characteristics listed below :
Modularity.
In an RMS, all major components are modular (e.g.,
structural
elements, axes, controls, software, and tooling).
Integrability.
Machine and control modules are designed with
interfaces for
component integration. The integrated-system performance is
based
on a given performance of its components, and the interfaces of
both