175. Syndicate – синдикат.

176. Trust (трест) - is a merger or collusive agreement among competing firms.

177. Combination – концерн.

Показатели монополизации:

178. Concentration ratio (коэффициент концентрации) - a measure of the market share of the largest firms in an industry; or percentage of product sales controlled by a specified number of the largest sellers.

179. Herfindahl-Hirschman index (индекс Херфиндаля-Хиршмана) - the sum of the squared percentage market shares of all firms in an industry; a measure of the level of concentration in that industry.

Тема 7. Денежная система

Money - anything that is generally accepted in an economy as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of purchasing power, and a standard for deferred payment.

Функции денег:

180. Medium of exchange (средство обращения) - money is a convenient means of exchanging goods and services without engaging in barter; what sellers generally accept and buyers generally use to pay for a good or service.

181. Barter (бартер) - the exchange of one good or service for another good or service.

182. Commodity money (товарные деньги) - money serves as both money and a commodity.

183. Standard of value (мера стоимости) - money is a yardstick for measuring the value of all goods and services.

184. Store of wealth (средство сбережения) - money serves as a store of wealth by retaining its purchasing power over time.

Эволюция форм денег: commodity money; metallic money and coinage; token money; paper money.

185. Seigniorage (доход от чеканки монет) - is the revenue earned by a sovereign from coining money; is the difference between the face value of the money and the cost of coining it.

186. Token money (биллонные деньги) - coins which have a face value greater than their intrinsic value.

187. Face value (of the money) (номинальная стоимость денег) - the dollar or cents value stamped on a coin.

188. Intrinsic value (действительная стоимость) - the value in the market of the metal in a coin.

189. Paper money (бумажные деньги) - pieces of paper used as a medium of exchange; in the United States, Federal Reserve notes and treasury currency.

Paper money:

190. Bank notes (банкноты) - were pieces of paper promising to pay a specific amount of money to the bearer in the gold.

191. Fiduciary money - is redeemable for gold or another valuable commodity

("as good as gold" ).

192. Fiat money (декретивные деньги, бумажные деньги, не обеспеченные золотом) - (1) anything that is money because government has decreed it to be money; (2) is not redeemable for any commodity; its status as money is conferred by the government.

193. Federal Reserve Note(банкнота Федеральной резервной системы) - paper money issued by and the debts of the Federal Reserve Bank.

194. Legal tender (официальное платежное средство) - is anything that creditors are required by law to accept as payment for debts.

Предложение денег:

195. Monetary aggregates (денежные агрегаты, показатели) - are measures of the economy's money supply.

196. M1 - the narrowly defined money supply; the currency and checkable deposits not owned by the Federal government, Federal Reserve Banks, or Depository institutions.

197. Currency (наличные деньги) - coins and paper money.

198. Checkable deposit (чековый вклад) - any deposit in a commercial bank or thrift institution against which a check may be written; includes demand deposits and NOW, ATS, and share draft accounts.