- •FOREWORD
- •CONTENTS
- •1. INTRODUCTION
- •1.1. BACKGROUND
- •1.2. OBJECTIVES
- •1.3. SCOPE OF THE PUBLICATION
- •1.4. INTENDED USERS OF THE PUBLICATION
- •1.5. STRUCTURE
- •2. OVERVIEW OF AN ELECTRICAL GRID SYSTEM
- •2.1. COMPONENT PARTS OF THE GRID SYSTEM
- •2.2. MANAGEMENT AND OWNERSHIP
- •2.3. COMMERCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
- •2.4. CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS
- •2.5. INTERCONNECTIONS
- •2.6. KEY DEFINITIONS
- •3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF AN NPP
- •3.1. BASIC SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
- •3.2. REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
- •3.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR GRID RELIABILITY
- •3.4. SIZE OF NUCLEAR UNITS
- •3.5. LIMITS TO FLEXIBLE OPERATION
- •3.6. DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TIME
- •3.7. NUCLEAR LICENSING REQUIREMENTS
- •4. PLANNING AND OPERATING A RELIABLE GRID
- •4.1. INTRODUCTION
- •4.2. GRID PERFORMANCE
- •4.3. CONTROL OF FREQUENCY
- •4.4. CONTROL OF POWER FLOW
- •4.5. CONTROL OF VOLTAGE
- •4.6. GRID FAULTS AND POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY STANDARDS
- •4.7. REQUIREMENTS ON GENERATORS
- •4.8. STABILITY
- •4.9. ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
- •4.10. CONTROL OF FAULT LEVEL
- •4.11. CYBER-SECURITY
- •4.12. PREVENTION OF MAJOR BLACKOUTS AND BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- •4.13. CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS
- •5. SIZE OF THE NUCLEAR UNIT
- •5.1. INTRODUCTION
- •5.2. CONTROLLING THE FALL IN FREQUENCY
- •5.3. THE BENEFITS OF INTERCONNECTIONS
- •5.4. RESTORING POWER FLOWS AFTER A REACTOR TRIP
- •5.5. CONTROLLING VOLTAGE
- •6. DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
- •6.1. INTRODUCTION
- •6.2. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATOR’S ACTIVITIES
- •6.3. NPP DEVELOPER’S ACTIVITIES
- •6.4. CONSTRAINTS
- •6.5. MODELLING
- •7. SITE CHOICE AND ASSESSMENT
- •7.1. INTRODUCTION
- •7.2. STEP ONE: REGIONAL ANALYSIS
- •7.3. STEP TWO: SCREENING OF POTENTIAL SITES
- •7.4. STEP THREE: COMPARISON AND RANKING
- •8. CONNECTING A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT TO THE GRID
- •8.1. REQUIREMENTS OF THE TSO
- •8.2. CALCULATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF THE OFF-SITE POWER
- •8.3. REQUIREMENTS OF THE NPP FOR TWO INDEPENDENT CONNECTIONS
- •8.4. GENERATOR TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND SIZING
- •8.5. UNIT TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND SIZING
- •8.6. STATION TRANSFORMER DESIGN AND SIZING
- •8.7. GENERATOR DESIGN AND SIZING
- •9. CONSIDERATION OF UNUSUAL OR ABNORMAL EVENTS
- •10.1. INTRODUCTION
- •10.2. NOTIFICATION AND COORDINATION OF OUTAGES
- •10.3. NOTIFICATION OF LOSS OF CONTINGENCY
- •11. ROADMAP FOR CONNECTION OF AN NPP
- •11.1. INTRODUCTION
- •11.2. OVERALL GRID STUDIES
- •11.3. GRID RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
- •11.4. UNIT SIZE
- •11.5. NPP OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
- •11.6. SITE ASSESSMENT AND GRID CONNECTIONS TO THE NPP SITE
- •11.7. POWER SYSTEM STANDARDS
- •11.8. GRID CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS
- •11.9. INTERFACE BETWEEN NPP OPERATOR AND TSO
- •11.10. READINESS TO COMMISSION
- •12. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- •12.1. INTRODUCTION
- •12.2. EFFECT ON NPPS AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
- •13. CASE STUDIES OF PLANNING AND OPERATING EXPERIENCE
- •13.1. INTRODUCTION
- •13.2. CHINA
- •13.3. FINLAND
- •13.4. SWEDEN
- •13.5. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
- •13.6. UNITED KINGDOM
- •13.7. JAPAN
- •14. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- •REFERENCES
- •GLOSSARY
- •ABBREVIATIONS
- •CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
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ABBREVIATIONS |
AC |
Alternating current |
AVR |
Automatic voltage regulator |
BIS |
Bid invitation specification |
BWR |
Boiling water reactor |
CANDU |
Canadian deuterium uranium reactor |
DC |
Direct current |
EDG |
Emergency diesel generator |
GPSPS |
Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station |
HVDC |
High voltage direct current |
IOMC |
Interconnection Operational Management Committee |
LOOP |
Loss of off-site power (also known as LOSP) |
NEPIO |
Nuclear energy programme implementing organization |
NIOR |
Nuclear Interconnection Operational Management Rules |
PSS |
Power system stabilizer |
SBO |
Station blackout |
SVC |
Static var compensator |
TSO |
Transmission system operator |
75
CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Fredlund, L. |
Ringhals AB, Sweden |
Glöckler, O. |
International Atomic Energy Agency |
Jiang, J. |
University of Western Ontario, Canada |
Johnson, G. |
International Atomic Energy Agency |
Koshy, T. |
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, United States of America |
Koskinen, M. |
Fingrid, Finland |
Lebreton, Ph. |
EdF, France |
Lindahl, S. |
Gothia Power AB, Sweden |
Matthew, R. |
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, United States of America |
Nkong-Njock, V. |
International Atomic Energy Agency |
Ray, S. |
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, United States of America |
Shankar, R. |
Signatech Systems, Inc, United States of America |
Volkanovski, A. |
Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia |
Ward, D.M. |
Magnox Ltd, United Kingdom |
Xie, C. |
Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co, China |
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Consultants Meetings |
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Vienna, Austria: 19–22 October 2009, 15–18 December 2009, 14–17 February 2011 |
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Technical Meetings |
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Vienna, Austria: 4–6 August 2009, 3–6 August 2010 |
77
78
Structure of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series
Nuclear Energy Basic Principles
NE-BP
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Nuclear General Objectives |
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Nuclear Power Objectives |
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle Objectives |
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Radioactive Waste Management |
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and Decommissioning Objectives |
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NG-O |
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NP-O |
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NF-O |
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NW-O |
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1. Management Systems |
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1. Technology Development |
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1. Resources |
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1. Radioactive Waste Management |
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NP-G-1.# |
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2. Human Resources |
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2. Design and Construction of Nuclear Power Plants |
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2. Fuel Engineering and Performance |
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2. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities |
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NG-G-2.# |
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NP-G-2.# |
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NF-G-2.# |
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NF-T-2.# |
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3. Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning |
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3. Operation of Nuclear Power Plants |
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3. Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing |
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3. Site Remediation |
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4. Economics |
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4. Non-Electrical Applications |
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4. Fuel Cycles |
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5. Energy System Analysis |
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5. Research Reactors |
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5. Research Reactors — Nuclear Fuel Cycle |
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NG-G-5.# |
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NP-G-5.# |
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6. Knowledge Management |
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NG-G-6.# |
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Key |
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Examples |
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BP: |
Basic Principles |
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NG-G-3.1: |
Nuclear General (NG), Guide, Nuclear Infrastructure and Planning (topic 3), #1 |
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O: |
Objectives |
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NP-T-5.4: |
Nuclear Power (NP), Report (T), Research Reactors (topic 5), #4 |
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Guides |
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NF-T-3.6: |
Nuclear Fuel (NF), Report (T), Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing, #6 |
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T: |
Technical Reports |
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NW-G-1.1: Radioactive Waste Management and Decommissioning (NW), Guide, |
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Nos. 1-6: |
Topic designations |
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Radioactive Waste (topic 1), #1 |
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#: |
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Guide or Report number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) |
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12-06821
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA
ISBN 978–92–0–126110–6
ISSN 1995–7807