LANDING

Ex. 81. Practise sayng these words.

Threshold, angle, landing gear, target, previous, least, automatic, available, judging, techniques, applicable, appropriate, abrupt, windshear, collision, smoothly, retard, idle, simultaneously, attempt, diagrams, shallow, illustrate, actuate, neutral, flare, extension, antiskid, structural, contaminated, touchdown zone, performance, adhere, facilitate, sterile cockpit rule.

Ex. 82. Make sure you know these terms.

Glide path, landing gear, final approach, radio altimeter, flare, stabilized approach, pitch, attitude, shift, windshear, descent rate, idle power, to retard / to advance throttles, gust, to trim, tailstrike, range, bouncing, go-around, to retract landing gear, speedbrake, lift, landing roll, deceleration, skid, Standard Operational Practices (SOP).

Ex. 83. Translate these complex structures, then paraphrase them.

Threshold height; glide path angle; landing gear touchdown; pilot eye level; safe threshold clearance; terrain clearance; flare initiation height; one engine inoperative landing; crosswind landing; rejected landing; abrupt control input; collision avoidance situation; pitch attitude; pitch attitude adjustment; a smooth thrust reduction; flare distance; flare time range; bounced landing; bounced landing recovery; automatic speedbrake deployment; a rejected landing maneuver; proper airspeed control; slippery runway landing performance; sterile cockpit rule.

Ex. 84. Translate these word combinations.

To assure safe threshold clearance; to assist the pilot in judging terrain clearance; to begin with a stabilized approach on speed, in trim and on glide path; to shift visual sighting; to maintain constant airspeed and descent rate; to determine

the flare point; to slow the rate of descent; to assist in controlling the natural pitchdown change associated with thrust reduction; to hold sufficient back pressure on the control column to keep the pitch attitude constant; plus any gust correction; to increase the tailstrike possibility; to lead to a tail strike; to avoid rapid control movements during the flare; not to allow the airplane to float; not to attempt to hold the nose wheels off the RW; to reestablish a normal landing attitude; to initiate a go-around; to add thrust; to result in a loss of lift; to adhere to this policy; in order to facilitate communication between both of the flight crew; to ensure the effective communication of emergency or safety-related information; between flight and cabin crew members; to avoid any conversation that is not essential.

Ex. 85. Insert prepositions.

1. Threshold height . . . . . the main gear and pilot eye level is shown . . . . . the table . . . . . a previous page. 2. When the threshold passes . . . . . the airplane nose and . . . . . . . . . . sight, shift the visual sighting point . . . . . the far end . . . . . the runway. 3. Initiate the flare when main gear is approximately 20 feet . . . . . the runway . . . . . increasing pitch attitude approximately 2-3 degrees. 4. Do not extend the flare . . . . . increasing pitch attitude . . . . . an attempt to achieve a perfectly smooth touchdown. 5. Speedbrakes spoil the lift . . . . . the wings which places a/c weight . . . . . the main landing gear providing excellent brake efficiency.

Ex. 86. Discuss the Sterile cockpit rule. What other rules would you like to add?

When the aircraft is below 10,000 feet, any conversation that is not essential should be avoided. This includes conversations that take place in the cockpit, or between the flight and cabin crewmembers. It is important to adhere to this policy, in order to facilitate communication between both of the flight crew, and to ensure the effective communication of emergency or safety-related information, between flight and cabin crew members.

Ex. 87. Decode these abbreviations.

PNF, FCOM, QRH, FMGS, SOP, A/THR.

Ex. 88. А. Read and translate the text.

Landing Techniques

A stabilized approach is essential for achieving successful landings. The flare height should be reached at the appropriate airspeed and flight path angle. The A / THR is an effective aid to the pilot. VAPP should be determined with the wind corrections (provided in FCOM / QRH) by using the FMGS functions. When the aircraft is close to the ground, the wind intensity tends to decrease and the wind direction to turn. Both effects may reduce the head wind component close to the ground and the wind correction to VAPP is there to compensate for this effect.

When the aircraft is close to the ground, high sink rate should be avoided, even in an attempt to maintain a close tracking of the glideslope. Priority should be given to the attitude and sink rate. If a normal touchdown distance is not possible, a go-around should be performed.

If the aircraft has reached the flare height at VAPP, with a stabilized flight path angle, the normal SOP landing technique will lead to repetitive touchdown attitude and airspeed.

During the flare, the pilot should not concentrate on the airspeed, but only on the attitude with external cues.

Specific PNF call outs have been reinforced for excessive pitch attitude at landing. After touch down, the pilot must "fly" the nose wheel smoothly, but without delay, onto the runway, and must be ready to counteract any residual pitch up effect of the ground spoilers. However, the main part of the spoiler pitch up effect

is compensated by the flight control law itself.

B. Describe landing techniques you apply.

TEST 1

1. Translate these word and combinations.

Скользкая полоса; загрязненная ВПП; предыдущая страница; первоначальный / промежуточный / окончательный этап захода; автоматическое включение; штурвальный режим; неработающий двигатель; постоянная скорость; точка визуального контакта; приблизительное расстояние; неожиданное событие; неподходящий случай; особое внимание; резкое / плавное движение; избыточная тяга; достаточный запас топлива; пологая / крутая траектория захода; грубая посадка; последующее касание после «козления»; относительно малая скорость; возможные комбинации; стоячая вода; затопленный аэродром; доложенный коэффициент сцепления (торможения); летно-технические характеристики, связанные с … / относящиеся к …; равномерная толщина (глубина) осадков; вся (целая) полоса; приемлемый эшелон; эксплуатационные правила; адекватная длина полосы; разнообразные установки автоматического тормоза; посадочная конфигурация; консультативная информация; обратная тяга; значительное влияние на …; пространственная ориентировка; ожидаемый маршрут; цифровое значение; пробег.

2. Make sure you know these terms.

Тяга малого газа; буксировка; выталкивание; тягач; техобслуживание; гарнитура; авария / катастрофа; кабина экипажа; буксировочное водило; выход / стоянка с телескопическим трапом; обучение экипажа; связь; связное оборудование; совмещать; в районе чего-либо; встречающий; замок; защелка; завершать; задерживать; доступный / имеющийся / свободный; рулить; допуск; закрылки; передняя стойка шасси; убедиться; давление; разрешать / очищать; тяга; режим работы двигателей; юз; опасность; подходить; смещение; шина / пневматик / покрышка; пересекаться; техника пилотирования; точка