Ibn Roshdy
Brilliant recovery philosophy and science reached in the Middle Ages in Spain. It lived and worked the greatest Arab philosopher and physician Ibn Roshdy (Averroes) (1126-1198).
The teachings of Ibn Roshdy based on naturalistic conceptions of Aristotle, which he placed "above all philosophers." "Aristotle's doctrine is the ultimate truth, because his mind was the limit of the human mind." - Wrote Ibn Roshdy. In particular, he highly appreciated the logic of Aristotle. Most of the philosophical works of Ibn Roshdy are comments on the works of Aristotle.
Ibn Roshdy sees the world as an eternal and necessary process, which is based on pra-matter. He rejects the understanding of the material world as a "possible" life. Matter and form can not exist separately from each other: they can be separated only mentally. Genesis God does not precede the matter, and her co-eternal. The function of God is to transform the opportunities inherent in matter, into reality. Movement forever creations of nature God does not exist. All these ideas are presented and Ibn Sina.
Ibn Roshdy put forward three main philosophical ideas, which expressed the struggle between science and religion: the eternity of the material world; availability of the necessary causal connection of all phenomena of the world; All individual in nature is mortal, the human soul is mortal too. The immortality of the soul, claimed the philosopher - a "chimera", and the afterlife "fiction." Immortality is an individual and the human race as a whole. However, the immortal and universal reason, as an embodiment of connection of the spiritual life of all generations, as the super-individual intellect, by which mankind at any time contemplates the absolute truth. Thus, the mind does not belong to an individual, the individual soul, and so it is the same in all people, and all the individuals only to the extent reasonable and know the truth, because they are involved in a single universal mind.
Understanding the mind as a universal, objective, uniform throughout the human race and the attendant into the soul of the individual was called Averroism.
Contradicting the orthodox Muslim dogma and problems of ontology and epistemology problems, Ibn Roshdy develops the theory of double truth. In it, he proposes to distinguish truth philosophical and theological truth. That may be true in philosophy, said Ibn Roshdy, religion (theology) may be false, and vice versa. Ibn Roshdy delimited sphere of philosophy and religion: religious precepts are taught how a person should act, and comprehend the philosophy teaches absolute truth. In addition, philosophy - is the theory, and religion - more practice area. The position of the double truth reveals contradictions of the medieval world-view - the contradiction between the aspirations of the scientific and religious dogma.
The ideas of Ibn Roshdy became widespread in Europe during the XIII-XIV centuries. and finally outlived themselves to the top of the XVII century. due to the crisis of Aristotelian physics and cosmology.