Module 2

absorbency

the ability of one material to take up another material

aesthetics

in textiles, properties perceived by touch and sight, such as the hand, colour, luster, drape, and texture of fabrics or garments.

blending

the combining of staple fibres of different physical characteristics to assure a uniform distribution of these fibre s throughout the yarn

bonded fabric

a fabric containing two or more layers of cloth joined together with resin, rubber, foam, or adhesive to form one ply.

CAD (computer-aided design)

the use of computers to design industrial products

CAM (computer-aided manufacturing)

the use of computers to make industrial product

carding

a process in the manufacture of spun yarns whereby the staple is opened, cleaned, aligned, and formed into a continuous, untwisted strand called a sliver.

CIM (Computer-Integrated Manufacturing)

the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process

cloth

a generic term embracing all textile fabrics and felts. Cloth may be formed of any textile fibre, wire, or other material, and it includes any pliant fabric woven, knit, felted, needled, sewn, or otherwise formed

CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

is one in which the functions and motions of a machine tool are controlled by means of a prepared program containing coded alphanumeric data.

CNC can control the motions of the workpiece or tool, the input parameters such as feed, depth of cut, speed, and the functions such as turning spindle on/off, turning coolant on/off

combing

a step subsequent to carding in cotton and worsted system processing which straightens the fibres and extracts naps, foreign matter, and short fibres. Combing produces a stronger, more even, more compact, finer, smoother yarn

crease-resistant

a term used to describe a fabric treated chemically to improve its resistance to and recovery from wrinkling

durability

a relative term for the resistance of a material to loss of physical properties or appearance as a result of wear or dynamic operation

dye

a substance you use to change the colour of your clothes, hair etc.

dyeing

a process of colouring fibres, yarns, or fabrics with either natural or synthetic dyes

elasticity

the ability of a strained material to recover its original size and shape immediately after removal of the stress that causes deformation

fabric

a planar textile structure produces by interlacing yarns, fibres, or filaments

fancy yarns (novelty yarns)

a yarn produced for a special effect. Novelty yarns are usually uneven in size, varied in colour, or modified in appearance by the presence of irregularities deliberately produced during their formation. In singles yarns, the irregularities may be caused by inclusion of knots, loops, curls, and the like. In plied yarns, the irregularities may be effected by variable delivery of one or more yarn components or by twisting together dissimilar singles yarns

felt

1. a nonwoven sheet of matted material of wool, hair, or fur, sometimes in combination with certain manufactured fibres, made by a combination of mechanical and chemical action, pressure, moisture, and heat. 2. a woven fabric generally made from wool, but occasionally from cotton or certain manufactured fibres, that is heavily shrunk and fulled, making it almost impossible to distinguish the weave

felting

the process of exposing wool fibres alone or in combination with other fibres to mechanical and chemical action, pressure, moisture, and heat so that they tangle, shrink, and mat to form a compact material

fibre

a unit of matter, either natural or manufactured,

that forms the basic element of fabrics and other textile structures

filament

fibre of an indefinite or extreme length such as found naturally in silk

finishing

all the processes through which fabric is passed after bleaching, dyeing, or printing in preparation for the market or use. Finishing includes such operations as heat-setting, napping, embossing, pressing, calendering, and the application of chemicals that change the character of the fabric. The term finishing is also sometimes used to refer collectively to all processing operations above, including bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.

flame resistant

a term used to describe a material that burns slowly or is selfextinguishing after removal of an external source of ignition. A fabric or yarn can be flame resistance because of the innate properties of the fibre, the twist level of the yarn, the fabric construction, or the presence of flame retardants, or because of a combination of these factors

geotextiles

manufactured fibre products made into fabrics of various constructions for use in a wide variety of civil engineering applications

hand (handle)

the tactile qualities of a fabric, e.g., softness, firmness, elasticity, fineness, resilience, and other qualities perceived by touch

interlooping

a method of uniting knit fabrics by joining two courses of loops

interweaving

the method or process of interlacing two yarns of similar materials so that they cross each other at right angles to produce woven fabric

knitting

a method of constructing fabric by interlocking series of loops of one or more yarns

linen

cellulosic fibre s derived from the stem of the flax plant or a fabric made from these fibres

luster

the quality of shining with reflected light. With reference to textile materials, the term is frequently associated with the adjectives bright or dull to distinguish between varieties of manufactured fibres

man-made fibre s

a class name for various fibres (including filaments) produced from fibre-forming substances which may be: (1) polymers synthesized from chemical compounds, e.g., acrylic, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl fibres; (2) modified or transformed natural polymers, e.g., alginic and cellulose-based fibres such as acetates and rayons; and (3) minerals, e.g., glasses. The term manufactured usually refers to all chemically produced fibres to distinguish them from the truly natural fibre s such as cotton, wool, silk, flax, etc.

natural fibre s

a class name for various genera of fibres (including filaments) of: (1) animal (i.e., silk and wool); (2) mineral (i.e., asbestos); or (3) vegetable origin (i.e., cotton, flax, jute, and ramie)

non-woven fabric

an assembly of textile fibres held together by mechanical interlocking in a random web or mat, by fusing of the fibres (in the case of thermoplastic fibres), or by bonding with a cementing medium such as starch, glue, casein, rubber, latex, or one of the cellulose derivatives or synthetic resins

ply

1. the number of single yarns twisted together to form a plied yarn, or the number of plied yarns twisted together to form cord. 2. an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord. 3. one of a number of layers of fabric

roving

1. in spun yarn production, an intermediate state between sliver and yarn. Roving is a condensed sliver that has been drafted, twisted, doubled, and redoubled. 2. the operation of producing roving

silk fibre

a fine, strong, continuous filament produced by the larva of certain insects, especially the silkworm, when constructing its cocoons

sliver

a continuous strand of loosely assembled fibres without twist. Sliver is delivered by the card, the comber, or the drawing frame. The production of sliver is the first step in the textile operation that brings staple fibre into a form that can be drawn (or reduced in bulk) and eventually twisted into a spun yarn

spinneret

a metal disc containing numerous minute holes used in manufactured fibre extrusion. The spinning solution or melted polymer is forced through the holes to form the fibre filaments

spinning

the process or processes used in the production of single yarns or of fabrics generated directly from polymer

staple fibre s

natural fibres or cut lengths from filaments. The staple length of natural fibres varies from less than 1 inch as with some cotton fibre s to several feet for some hard fibres. The term staple (fibre) is used in the textile industry to distinguish natural or

cut length manufactured fibres from filament

textile

originally, a woven fabric; now applied generally to any one of the following: 1. staple fibres and filaments suitable for conversion to or use as yarns, or for the preparation of woven, knit, or nonwoven fabrics. 2. yarns made from natural or manufactured fibres. 3. fabrics and other manufactured products made from fibres as defined above and from yarns. 4. garments and other articles fabricated from fibres, yarns, or fabrics when the products retain the characteristic flexibility and drape of the original fabrics

texture

a term describing the surface effect of a fabric, such as dull, lustrous, wooly, stiff, soft, fine, coarse, open, or closely woven; the structural quality of a fabric

thread

1. a slender, strong strand or cord, especially one designed for sewing or other needlework. Most threads are made by plying and twisting yarns.

2. a general term for yarns used in weaving and knitting

twisting

1. the process of combining filaments into yarn by

twisting them together or combining two or more parallel singles yarns (spun or filament) into plied yarns or cords

2. the process of adding twist to a filament yarn to hold the filaments together for ease in subsequent textile processing, etc.

wale

1. in knit fabrics, a column of loops lying lengthwise in the fabric. The number of wales per inch is a measure of the fineness of the fabric. 2. in woven fabrics, one of a series of ribs, cords, etc., running either warpwise or fillingwise

warp

1. the set of yarn in all woven fabrics, that runs lengthwise and parallel to the selvage and is interwoven with the filling. 2. the sheet of yarns wound together on a beam for the purpose of weaving or warp knitting

warp knitting

a type of knitting in which the yarns generally run lengthwise in the fabric. The yarns are prepared as warps on beams with one or more yarns for each needle

weft knitting

a common type of knitting, in which one continuous thread runs crosswise in the fabric making all of the loops in one course

yarn

a generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibres, filaments, or material in a form suitable for knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric

yarn production

the process of converting fibre into yarn