Лексические основы чтения спец текста
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I. Information for study
Demand and Supply
Notice the distinction between demand and the quantity demanded. Demand describes the behaviour of buyers at every price. At a particular price such as £0.30, there is a particular quantity demanded, namely 80 million bars/year. The term ‘quantity demanded’ makes sense only in relation to a particular price. A similar distinction applies to supply and quantity supplied.
In everyday language, we would say that when the demand for football tickets exceeds their supply some people will not get into the ground. Economists must be more precise. At the price charged for tickets, the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied. Although the size of the ground sets an upper limit on the quantity of tickets that can be supplied, a higher ticket price would have reduced the quantity demanded, perhaps leaving empty space in the ground. Yet there has been no change in demand, the schedule describing how many people want admission at each possible ticket price. The quantity demanded has changed because the price has changed.
We must recognize that the demand schedule relating price and quantity demanded and the supply schedule relating price and quantity supplied are each constructed on the assumption of ‘other things equal’. In the demand for tube tickets, the ‘other things’ were the cost of alternative modes of transport. In the demand for football tickets, one of the ‘other things’ that is important is whether or not the game is being shown on television. If it is, the quantity of tickets demanded at each and every price will be lower than if the game is not televised. To understand how a market works, we must first explain why demand and supply are what they are. (Is the game on television? Has the ground capacity been extended by building a new stand?) Then we must examine how the price adjusts to balance the quantities supplied and demanded, given the underlying supply and demand schedules relating quantity to price.
Let us think again about the market for chocolate described in Table 2. Other things equal, the lower... (чем ниже...) the price of chocolate, the higher... (тем выше...) the quantity demanded. Other things equal, the higher the price of chocolate, the higher the quantity supplied. A campaign by dentists warning of the effect of chocolate on tooth decay, or a fall in household incomes, would change the ‘other things’ relevant to the demand for chocolate. Either of these changes would reduce the demand for chocolate, reducing the quantities demanded at each price. Cheaper cocoa beans, or technical advances in packaging chocolate bars, would change the ‘other things’ relevant to the supply of chocolate bars. They would tend to increase the supply of chocolate bars, increasing the quantity supplied at each possible price.
II. Exercises
1.Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их.
1)What is demand?
2)What is supply?
3)What is the distinction between demand and the quantity demanded?
4)What is the distinction between supply and the quantity supplied?
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите близкие по значению слова из следующего списка:
difference, possible, profitable, limited, quantity, table, to provide, place
4. Подчеркните в тексте предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.
1)Цены устанавливаются так, чтобы уравновесить спрос и предложение.
2)По мере того, как цена на товар растет, спрос на этот товар падает.
3)При слишком низкой цене у продавцов нет стимула поставлять товар.
4)Чтобы понять, как работает рынок, необходимо изучить предложение и спрос.
5)Спрос – это количество товара, которое покупатели хотят купить по каждой воз- можной цене.
6)Предложение – это количество товара, которое продавцы хотят продать по каждой возможной цене.
5. Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов с помощью суффиксов -ion, -ment. Переведите их.
to discuss, to recognize, to transact, to arrange, to establish, to assume, to produce, to consume, to interact, to describe
6. Образуйте наречия от данных прилагательных с помощью суффикса -ly и переве- дите их.
chief, physical, superficial, separate, simultaneous, possible, particular, conceivable, complete, precise
7.Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языке в письменной форме.
8.Прочтите список ключевых слов к тексту В:
equilibrium |
-- |
равновесие |
equilibrium price |
-- |
равновесная цена |
specifically |
-- |
в особенности |
to combine |
-- |
объединять |
opposite |
-- |
противоположный |
intermediate |
-- |
промежуточный |
equilibrium quantity -- |
равновесное количество |
|
shortage |
-- |
нехватка, дефицит |
excess demand |
-- |
избыточный спрос |
to realize |
-- |
понимать |
excess supply |
-- |
избыточное предложение |
stock |
-- |
запас |
to bring about |
-- |
осуществлять |
expensive |
-- |
дорогой |
naturally |
-- |
естественно |
to clear |
-- |
освободить, распродавать |
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I. Information for study
Demand and Supply
move |
-- |
шаг |
price-cutting |
-- |
снижение цены |
to reach |
-- |
достигать |
in reverse |
-- |
задним ходом |
to run out |
-- |
заканчиваться |
to ration |
-- |
нормировать |
9.Прослушайте текст В на кассете 2-3 раза и постарайтесь понять его.
10.Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке.
11.Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют содержанию текста В1:
1)At low prices the demand for chocolate bars exceeds the quantity supplied.
2)If the price is high the demand is also high.
3)At some intermediate price the quantity demanded just equals the quantity supplied.
4)At the equilibrium price the demand for the goods exceeds the quantity supplied.
5)When economists say there is excess demand, they really mean, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at this price.
6)If the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, we have a shortage of goods.
7)If the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, sellers will be left with stock they can’t sell.
12. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текстов А и В.
III. Vocabulary to Text A
admission |
-- |
допуск |
advance |
-- |
прогресс, достижение |
to bring together |
-- |
свести вместе |
campaign |
-- |
кампания |
capacity |
-- |
вместимость |
to charge (a price) |
-- |
назначить (цену) |
chiefly |
-- |
главным образом |
cocoa beans |
-- |
бобы какао |
conceivable |
-- |
возможный |
corresponding |
-- |
соответствующий |
decay |
-- |
разрушение |
to equal |
-- |
равняться |
to exceed |
-- |
превышать |
to fall |
-- |
падать |
finite |
-- |
ограниченный |
force |
-- |
сила; фактор |
1 Проверьте Ваши ответы: 1), 3), 5), 7).
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
ground |
-- |
incentive |
-- |
lucrative |
-- |
namely |
-- |
other things equal |
-- |
packaging |
-- |
to perform |
-- |
quantity demanded |
-- |
quantity supplied |
-- |
range |
-- |
to relate |
-- |
to recognize |
-- |
to rise |
-- |
sale |
-- |
schedule |
-- |
set |
-- |
space |
-- |
stand |
-- |
to stock |
-- |
superficially |
-- |
to underlie |
-- |
to warn |
-- |
IV. Test
спортивная площадка стимул выгодный, прибыльный а именно при прочих равных упаковка выполнять
требуемое количество предлагаемое кол-во диапазон
устанавливать отношение, относиться признать подниматься продажа таблица, схема набор, система место трибуна
хранить на складе внешне, поверхностно лежать в основе предостерегать
1.Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.
1)At the London Stock Exchange stockbrokers ... business on behalf of a) exceeds
|
clients. |
b) lucrative |
2) |
When supply is much greater than demand traders cut prices until the |
c) transact |
|
... price is reached. |
d) bid |
3) |
To understand how a market works in practice, we must study the in- |
e) intermediaries |
|
teraction of ... and supply. |
f) equilibrium |
4) |
When the quantity demanded ... the quantity supplied, the sellers may |
g) underlie |
|
run out of stock. |
h) incentive |
5) |
... supply happens when the price of a commodity is too high. |
i) demand |
6) |
At high prices it becomes very ... to supply the goods. |
j) charge |
7) |
To balance the market, the traders must ... intermediate price. |
k) capacity |
8)At the auctions buyers ... against each other with the seller taking a l) excess passive role.
9)Some markets do not bring buyers and sellers together and operate through ... .
10)When the price is too low, there is no ... to supply the commodity.
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I. Information for study
Demand and Supply
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом:
1) to charge |
a) spaces |
2) to exceed |
a) the goods |
|
b) stocks |
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b) the quantity |
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c) prices |
|
c) the quality |
3) to adopt |
a) a definition |
4) to increase |
a) the intermediary |
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b) an allocation |
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b) the supply |
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c) an auction |
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c) the equilibrium |
3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определе-
ниям. |
|
а) gathering of buyers and sellers to exchange commodities or ser- |
1. demand |
vices; space or building used for it |
2. equilibrium |
b)the quantity of commodities sellers wish to sell at each possible 3. sale
price |
4. market |
c)the quantity of commodities buyers wish to purchase at each 5. supply
possible price |
6. quantity |
d)amount or number being measurable
e)state of balance
f)buying and selling transaction
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
Unit 8
I. Information for Study
The Price of Related Goods
Text A
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
Suppose, we study the demand for tube travel. A rise in bus fares or petrol prices would increase the quantity of tube travel demanded at each possible price. In everyday language, we think of buses and private cars as substitutes for the tube. Loosely speaking, this means that a journey may be made by bus or car instead of by tube. More precisely, an increase in the price of buses or cars will lead to an increase in the demand for tube travel. Economists use an even more precise definition of substitutes but everyday language gives the right idea of what we mean. Similarly, everyday language suggests that petrol and cars are complements because you cannot use a car without also using petrol. A rise in the price of petrol tends to reduce the demand for cars.
How do these ideas about substitutes and complements relate to the demand for chocolate bars? Clearly, other sweets (mint drops and jelly babies) are substitutes for chocolate. We expect an increase in the price of other sweets to increase the quantity of chocolate demanded at each possible chocolate price, as people substitute away from other sweets towards chocolate. If people buy chocolate to eat at the cinema, films would be a complement for bars of chocolate. A rise in the price of cinema tickets would reduce the demand for chocolate since fewer people will go to the cinema. Nevertheless, it is difficult to think of a lot of goods that are complements for chocolate. This suggests, correctly, that most of the time goods are substitutes for each other. Complementarity, while present in many instances, is usually a more specific feature (record players and records, coffee and milk, shoes and shoelaces).
Before we leave the influence of prices of related goods on the demand for a particular commodity, it should be noted that the development of new products can be viewed within this framework. Technological advances that make possible hand calculators, low fuel consumption cars, or low-calorie beer affect the demand for related goods. One way to think about this is to say that the new product had always been available, but previously its price had been prohibitively high so that nobody could afford it. The technological advance enables the new product to be made available at a much lower price. This will stimulate demand for goods that are complements to the new product (video games may increase the demand for televisions on which they can be played in the home) but reduce the demand for substitutes for the new product (being able to watch films on a home video reduces the demand for going to the cinema).
Consumer Incomes
46
I. Information for Study
The Price of Related Goods
Demand is also influenced by consumer income. When incomes rise, the demand for most goods increases. Typically, consumers buy more of everything. However, there are exceptions.
A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.
As their name suggests, most goods are normal goods. An example of an inferior good might be cheap but nasty cuts of meat. As household incomes rise, households spend absolutely less on cheap cuts and more on better cuts of meat such as steaks. Inferior goods are typically cheap but low-quality goods which people would prefer not to buy if they could afford to spend a little more.
Tastes
We must also consider consumer tastes or preferences. In part, these are shaped by convenience, custom, and social attitudes. When the Beatles and the Rolling Stones first became popular, the demand for haircuts suddenly fell. The fashion for the mini-skirt reduced the demand for textile material. More recently, the emphasis on health and fitness has increased the demand for jogging equipment, health foods, and sports facilities while reducing the demand for cream cakes, butter, and cigarettes.
II. Exercises
1.Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их.
1)What three “other” things are relevant to demand curves?
2)What is the relation between bus fares or petrol prices and the quantity of tube travels?
3)What is the relation between buses and private cars and the tube?
4)Why is petrol a complement for a car?
5)What are substitutes for chocolate bars?
6)Why can films be a complement for chocolate bars?
7)How do technological advances affect the demand for complements to a new product?
8)How do technological advances affect the demand for substitutes for a new product?
9)What happens to the demand for normal goods when consumer incomes rise?
10)What happens to the demand for inferior goods when consumer incomes rise?
11)What do consumer tastes depend on?
3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите близкие по значению слова из следующего списка:
position, habit, user, preferences, low-quality good, exact, equivalent
4. Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже:
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
1)Увеличение платы за автобус или цены на бензин приводит к увеличению спроса на метро.
2)Автобусы и частные машины являются заменителями метро.
3)Машины и бензин дополняют друг друга, т.к. нельзя использовать машины без бен- зина.
4)Многие вещи взаимно дополняют друг друга, как, например, проигрыватели и пла- стинки, кофе и молоко, ботинки и шнурки, так что это явление очень часто встре- чается.
5)Так как цены на сопутствующие товары влияют на спрос на определенный товар, то разработки новых товаров можно рассматривать с этой точки зрения.
6)Когда доходы потребителей растут, увеличивается спрос на хорошие товары.
7)На товары низкого качества спрос падает при росте доходов потребителей.
8)Потребительские вкусы зависят от удобства, обычаев и общественного положения.
5. Образуйте наречия от данных прилагательных. Переведите их.
previous, prohibitive, possible, correct, particular, usual, typical, technological, normal, recent
6.Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языке в письменной форме.
7.Прочтите список ключевых слов к тексту В:
shifts |
-- |
сдвиги, изменения |
|
|
underlying factors |
-- |
основополагающие факторы |
||
to draw (drew) |
-- |
чертить |
|
|
to shift |
-- |
сдвинуться |
|
|
to sketch |
-- |
рисовать |
|
|
transition |
-- |
переход |
|
|
to put upward pressure |
-- |
оказывать давление снизу вверх |
||
to single out |
-- |
выделить |
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Table 3 |
Ice-cream prices and chocolate demand |
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Price of |
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Demand for chocolate |
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Chocolate |
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Low ice-cream price |
|
High ice-cream price |
(£/bar) |
|
(million bars/year) |
|
(million bars/year) |
0.00 |
200 |
|
280 |
|
0.10 |
160 |
|
240 |
|
0.20 |
120 |
|
200 |
|
0.30 |
80 |
|
160 |
|
0.40 |
40 |
|
120 |
|
0.50 |
0 |
|
80 |
|
Figure 4. Ice-cream prices and chocolate demand
48
I. Information for Study
The Price of Related Goods
Price (£ /bar) |
D |
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S |
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0.50 |
D |
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0.40 |
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Е |
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0.30 |
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E |
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Н |
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0.20 |
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0.10 |
S |
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0 |
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D |
|
D |
|
40 |
80 |
120 |
160 |
200 |
240 |
280 |
||
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Quantity (million bars/year) |
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8.Прослушайте 2-3 раза и постарайтесь понять текст В на кассете. Обратите внима- ние на таблицу 3 и рисунок.
9.Дайте краткое изложение текста на русском языке.
10.Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют содержанию текста Вх) :
1)Ice-cream could not be a substitute for chocolate.
2)At each chocolate price there is a larger quantity demanded of chocolate when ice-cream prices are low.
3)When the price of ice-cream rises people substitute chocolate for ice-cream and we have excess demand for chocolate.
4)The effect of excess demand is that the price of chocolate bars rises until it reaches a new equilibrium price.
5)The higher price reduces the quantity demanded.
6)A normal good is a good for which demand reduces when incomes rise.
7)People always tend to buy cheap goods if their incomes are low.
8)When incomes rise, the demand for most goods falls.
III. Vocabulary to Text A
attitude |
-- |
позиция, положение |
available |
-- |
доступный |
complement |
-- |
дополнение |
complementarity |
-- свойство товаров быть дополнением друг к другу, |
|
|
|
взаимодополнение |
custom |
-- |
обычай |
cut |
-- |
кусок (мяса) |
х) Проверьте Ваши ответы: 3), 4), 5), 7).
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Английский язык. Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
to depict |
-- |
описывать |
to encounter |
-- |
встретить |
exception |
-- |
исключение |
fitness |
-- |
здоровье (хорошее состояние) |
framework |
-- |
рамки |
fuel |
-- |
горючее |
heading |
-- |
заголовок |
inferior |
-- |
низкокачественный |
loosely speaking |
-- |
проще говоря |
nasty |
-- |
плохой |
previously |
-- |
ранее |
prohibitive |
-- |
препятствующий |
related goods |
-- |
сопутствующие товары |
to shape |
-- |
формировать |
substitute |
-- |
заменитель |
to substitute |
-- |
заменять |
taste |
-- |
вкус |
IV. Test
1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.
1) |
This table ... the relation between bus fares and petrol prices. |
a) shift |
2) |
Cars and buses can be ... for the tube. |
b) consumers |
3) |
If people buy chocolate to eat at the cinema, films would be a ... for bars |
c) inferior |
|
of chocolate. |
d) depicts |
4) |
If you look at this Figure, you will see that the increase in ice-cream |
e) afford |
|
prices leads to the ... in the demand curve. |
f) substitutes |
5) |
In the following unit you will ... more examples of complements. |
g) tastes |
6) |
When their incomes rise, ... buy more of everything. |
h) available |
7) |
An example of an ... good can be nasty cuts of meat. |
i) complement |
8) |
... depend on convenience, custom, and social attitudes. |
j) encounter |
9) |
People would prefer not to buy inferior goods if they could ... to spend |
k) precise |
|
a little more. |
l) exception |
10)Technological advances enable the new product to be ... at a much lower price.
50