Л.А. Бердюгина Asking questions
.pdfМИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
“КУЗБАССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ”
Кафедра иностранных языков
ASKING QUESTIONS
Методические указания по развитию умений и навыков вести беседу
на английском языке
Составители Л.А. Бердюгина Л.Ю. Галкина
Утверждены на заседании кафедры Протокол № 4 от 28.04.03
Рекомендованы к печати учебнометодической комиссией специальности 061000 Протокол № 7 от 13.05.03
Электронная копия находится в библиотеке главного корпуса ГУ КузГТУ
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КЕМЕРОВО 2003
Уважаемые студенты и аспиранты!
Можете ли Вы задать следующие вопросы по-английски?
Вы изучаете английский язык? Вы изучаете английский, не так ли? Разве вы не изучаете английский язык? Вы изучаете английский или немецкий? Вы собираетесь изучать английский? Для чего вы изучаете английский язык? Вам нравится изучать английский язык?
Цель данных методических указаний – развитие умений и навыков задавать вопросы различных типов на английском языке и отвечать на них. Необходимо помнить, что вопросы ставятся не к конкретным словам, а к значениям, которые в них заключены. Знание структуры разного типа вопросов позволяет вступить в беседу и поддержать её.
В методических указаниях Вы найдете общие вопросы (Yes/No questions), специальные вопросы (Wh-questions), альтернативные вопросы (Or questions), разделительные вопросы (Tag questions), косвенные вопросы (Indirect questions). Подробно рассматриваются вопросы с предлогами (Preposition questions), отрицательные вопросы (Negative questions) и некоторые другие, которые не нашли должного отражения в вузовских учебниках, но играют большую роль в реальной речи.
Методические указания спланированы таким образом, что могут прорабатываться как целиком, так и по отдельным разделам в аудитории под руководством преподавателя или самостоятельно. Значительное место отводится работе в парах и мини-группах.
Каждый из пяти разделов включает структурные модели определённого типа вопросов в виде таблиц, примеры и комплекс упражнений. Упражнения, отмеченные звездочкой , сопровождаются ключами. К МУ прилагается сводная таблица всех типов вопросов и аудиокассета с упражнениями для прослушивания, часть которых заимствована из учебника Headway (Soars J. & L. Headway. Upper Intermediate. SB. OUP, 1993).
Методические указания написаны простым, доступным языком. В отдельных случаях даётся перевод слов и выражений. При необходимости можно обратиться к словарю, расположенному в конце МУ. Приступайте к изучению вопросов и используйте любую возможность для их практического применения.
Желаем Вам успеха!
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1. YES/NO QUESTIONS
(These questions can be answered with Yes or No)
1.1 Basic form
Auxiliary Verb |
Subject |
Main Verb |
Complement |
|
|
|
|
Are |
уou |
ready? |
|
Is |
it |
raining? |
|
Does |
the girl |
like |
ice-cream? |
Can |
she |
play |
the piano? |
Has |
he |
written |
a letter? |
Will |
you |
go? |
|
Did |
they |
have |
breakfast? |
Have |
you |
|
a sister? |
Have |
you |
got |
a сomputer? |
Have |
I |
got to drive |
about fifty miles? |
• Yes/No questions are formed with the verbs be, have (got), modal verbs like may / might, can / could, must, should / would and shall / will by changing the position of the subject (подлежащее) and the auxiliary (вспомогательный) or the modal verb:
She has got a dog |
Has she got a dog? |
Yes, she has. |
Ann is having lunch. |
Is Ann having lunch? |
No, she isn’t. |
He should buy a car. |
Should he buy a car? |
Yes, he should. |
They will go there. |
Will they go there? |
No, they won’t (will not). |
• If there is no auxiliary verb, use do, does, did (the main verb is always the
infinitive without to). |
|
Do they like chips? |
They like chips. |
|
|
She knows you. |
|
Does she know you? |
You enjoyed the party. |
Did you enjoy the party? |
|
I have (got) a dog. |
|
Do you have a dog? / Have you (got) a dog? |
• I had a dog. – Did you have a dog? Not: Had you a dog? |
||
Possible replies (возможные ответы) |
|
|
Question: Is Bill English? |
|
|
Answers: |
|
|
positive (+) |
negative (-) |
No, Finnish. |
Yes. |
No. |
|
Yes, he is. |
No, he isn’t. |
No, he’s Finnish. |
Yes, he’s English. |
No, he’s not. |
No, he isn’t English; he’s Finnish. |
Yes, he is English. |
No, he isn’t English. No, he’s Finnish, not English. |
|
Yes, Bill’s English. |
No, he’s not English. |
|
Not: Yes, he’s. |
|
|
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• You may also answer Yes/No questions in the following ways: Certainly. Certainly not. Perhaps. Well. Maybe. Why not? I doubt it.
I don’t know. I can’t remember. You must be joking! What do you think? How should I know? He didn’t tell me.
Intonation
Yes-No questions are spoken on a rising intonation (c повышением тона) on the item (зд.: слово) being asked about.
Can Ann swim? Can Ann swim?
• Sometimes you may ask Yes/No questions using a statement (утверждение) with a rising intonation to ask for confirmation (подтверждение) or to express surprise
(удивление):
You are English? (confirmation)
You’re only 15? I thought you were 18. (surprise)
1.2 Negative questions
Common form |
be and have (in have got) |
+ n’t + subject + main verb |
Formal form |
(first) auxiliary or modal verb |
+ subject + not + main verb |
• In negative questions you should use the contracted (стяженная) forms such as don’t, isn’t, wasn’t, can’t, etc. Does not, is not, have not, etc. are incorrect.
Common |
Formal |
Aren’t you learning English? |
Are you not learning English? |
Разве ты не изучаешь английский? |
Does she not work for the bank? |
Doesn’t she work for the bank? |
|
Разве она не работает в банке? |
Did they not go to Moscow? |
Didn’t they go to Moscow? |
|
Разве они не ездили в Москву? |
Will they not visit us? |
Won’t they visit us? |
|
Разве они не навестят нас? |
|
Сan’t you help them? |
Сan you not help them? |
Неужели ты не можешь помочь им? |
|
• Negative questions are used to express surprise (удивление), disappointment
(разочарование), annoyance (раздражение), in exclamations (восклицание), when asking for confirmation (подтверждение).
Doesn’t Mark speak English? |
Разве /неужели/ Марк не говорит по- |
(surprise) I thought he did. |
английски? Я думал, он говорит. |
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Hasn’t she finished the report yet? (disappointment or annoyance) Isn’t it a nice day? (exclamation) Can’t you answer?
Разве она ещё не закончила доклад?
Разве это не прекрасный день? Неужели вы не можете ответить?
Intonation
The questions are spoken on a falling intonation (c понижением тона) with the expected (ожидаемый) answer yes and a rising intonation with the expected answer no.
Didn’t they see the film? Didn’t they see the film? Aren’t you waiting for me? Hasn’t he come yet?
1.3 Echo questions
Echo questions are not real questions. They show that we are listening; and they are also used if you do not hear a reply or are surprised at it.
In echo questions use be, have and the same auxiliary or modal verbs that are used in the sentences.
He is a very good student. I’m going to bed now. We’ve finished our work. He can’t swim.
She doesn’t like thrillers.
(+) |
Is he? Really? |
(+) |
Да? Действительно? |
(+) |
Are you? |
(+) |
Идешь? |
(+) |
Have you? |
(+) |
Да? Закончил? |
(-) |
Can’t he? |
(-) |
Не может? |
(-) |
Doesn’t she? |
(-) |
Да? Не любит? |
• In sentences with have got, use have. |
|
I’ve got a headache. |
Oh, have you? Do you want some aspirin? |
She’s got s a lot of English books. |
Has she? Really? |
• With present or past simple, use do / does or did.
He passed his exams successfully. |
Did he? Well done. |
She lives in London. |
Does she? |
• You may use negative reply to answer positive sentence if you want to express emphatic agreement (эмоциональное согласие).
It was a fantastic film. (+) He passed his exams successfully. (+) We are very happy. (+)
Yes, wasn’t it? (-) Yes, didn’t he? (-) Yes, aren’t you? (-)
I really enjoyed it. He worked hard. Glad to hear it.
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2. WH–QUESTIONS
(Expect definite information in answers)
2.1 Basic form
Question words can be single words: Who, What, Whom, When, Where, How, Why or phrases: How many/much/long/often, Whose/What/Which + noun (What kind/ sort/ type, Whose book/car/pen).
Question word |
Auxiliary verb |
Subject |
Main verb |
|
|
|
|
Where |
does |
John |
study? |
When |
is |
Joan |
leaving? |
What |
were |
you |
doing? |
Why |
has |
he |
left? |
How long |
will |
the lecture |
last? |
Which way |
did |
the man |
go? |
What sort of music |
do |
you |
prefer? |
This word order is used in all Wh-questions except (кроме) questions about the subject and its attribute.
• Contractions of auxiliaries are often used in speech and informal writing. Who’s already passed the exam?
Who’s going to meet Lucy at the station? What’ll you do next time?
• Use How in greetings and introductions, and to ask about state of health (состояние здоровья), opinion, explanation. How do you do? is not a question but a very formal greeting (приветствие). The answer is How do you do?
How are you? |
Как поживаете? |
How was the flight? |
Как прошел полет? |
How comes it? / How is it? / How’s that? |
Как это? / Почему так выходит? |
How so? |
Как так? |
• You may use How with adjectives (old, tall, etc.) and adverbs (often, well, etc.) and
with much and many. |
|
How old are you? |
Сколько вам лет? |
How often do you visit them? |
Как часто вы навещаете их? |
How much money did you spend? |
Сколько денег вы потратили? |
How many sisters have you got? |
Сколько у вас сестер? |
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Intonation
Normally, Wh-questions are spoken on a falling intonation on the item (зд.: слово) being asked about.
Where have you been? |
Who did you see? |
Why is he leaving the town? |
Где вы были? |
Кого вы видели? |
Почему он уезжает из города? |
A rising intonation, however, indicates friendliness, encouragement (ободрение). Where did you spend your holiday? (friendliness)
Why are you waiting here? (encouragement)
2.2 Questions about the subject and its attribute
In Wh-questions about the subject (подлежащее) of the sentence and its attribute (определение) the word order is the same as it is for statements.
Wh-word (+ noun) |
Main verb |
Complement /Adverb |
Who |
lives |
in England? |
What |
frightened |
the cat? |
How many people |
are watching |
the TV programme? |
Which of you |
has seen |
the film? |
What points |
will be discussed |
at the meeting? |
Which runner |
won |
the race? |
Whose car |
passed through |
a red light? |
Contrast: Jane saw Bill in the park.
Who saw Bill in the park? (question about the subject)
Who did Jane see in the park? (question about the complement)
The train carried containers.
What carried containers? (question about the subject) What did the train carry? (question about the complement)
Young people were dancing in the hall.
What people were dancing in the hall? (question about the attribute) English books are sold in this shop.
What books are sold in the shop? (question about the attribute)
• A question like What is Peter? can refer to profession or rank (положение). The answer is: He’s a civil engineer / managing director.
• A question like ‘Who is that boy?’ can be answered: “This is Peter” or “He’s my brother”.
• Which (какой) is used when there is a restricted choice (ограниченный выбор).
Which may be used with or without a noun or may be followed by one. Which of asked about people means кто из, about things – какой из.
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Which bus goes to the museum? Which goes to the museum? Which one goes to the museum?
Which of them goes to the museum?
Which book do you like best? Which do you like best? Which one do you like best?
Which of them is your favorite writer?
• Which one =who or what when there is a restricted choice.
I like Shakespeare and Dickens. |
Who do you like best? |
|
Which one do you like best? |
He usually drinks tea or coffee. |
What do you prefer? |
|
Which one do you prefer? |
• Whose (чей) may also be used with or without a noun, but it is never used with one.
Whose book is this? |
Whose photo is this? |
Whose is this? |
Whose is this? |
• In questions containing only a question word and a pronoun (местоимение) no reduction (сокращение) is possible when the question word is emphasized (выделяется). When the pronoun is emphasized reduction is possible.
That is Ann. |
´What is she? |
Not: What’s she? |
|
What’s ´she? |
|
He is a doctor. |
´What is he? |
Not: What’s he? |
|
What’s ´she? |
|
• It is not emphasized through intonation and no reduction is used with it.
Generally it becomes this or that. |
|
|
´What is it? What’s ´that in Russian? |
Not: What’s it in Russian? |
|
Passage six. You try ´this one, Mark. |
Not: You try it. |
|
Possible replies |
|
Who wants the book? |
Question: Who arrived late? |
|
|
Answers: The foreign specialists. |
|
Me. |
The foreign specialists did. |
|
I do. |
The foreign specialists arrived late. |
I want it. |
|
Not: The foreign specialists arrived. |
|
Not: I wanted. |
The foreign specialists did arrive late. |
I did want. |
2.3 Preposition questions
Many question words are used with prepositions (предлоги):
Who to (Kому), Who for (Для кого), Who with (С кем), What with (Чем), etc.
In modern English the preposition is placed at the end of the question, except (кроме) in very formal writing and speech.
|
8 |
Common |
Formal |
Who did you buy these flowers for? |
For whom did you buy these flowers? |
Для кого вы купили цветы? |
|
What did he open the door with? |
With what did he open the door? |
Чем он открыл дверь? |
|
• Whom becomes who when the preposition is moved to the final position. |
|
For whom did you do it? |
Who did you do it for? |
With whom do you meet? |
Who do you meet with? |
• Memorize phrases with prepositions in the first position: |
|
Since when has he been smoking? |
С каких пор он курит? |
To what extent was he right? |
До какой степени он был прав? |
In what way can it help? |
Каким образом это может помочь? |
Under what circumstances would you do it?
При каких обстоятельствах вы бы сделали это?
• In the following list the preposition is optional (по выбору):
(In) which year were you born (in)? (On) which day will you phone (on)? (At) what time do we arrive (at)?
(For) how long will they stay (for)?
(From) which part of Russia are you (from)?
• In several cases there is no preposition at all.
Which way did the man go? |
Where are you going? |
|
2.4 Quantity questions |
|
|
Expressions of quantity: a lot of |
(a) little |
least |
Many |
(a) few |
enough |
Much |
too little |
more than enough |
more |
too few |
none |
most |
less |
any, etc. |
• Questions with an expression of quantity (количество), cardinal numbers
(количественные числительные) or fractions (доли, дроби) require of after them.
|
9 |
He had too much time. |
What did he have much of? |
У него слишком много времени. |
Чего у него слишком много? |
They bought three pencils. |
What did they buy three of? |
Они купили три карандаша. |
Чего три они купили? |
We haven’t any bread. |
What haven’t we any of? |
У нас нет хлеба. |
Чего у нас нет? |
She has one fifth of the whole sum. |
What part of the sum does she have of? |
Унее есть пятая часть всей суммы. Какая часть суммы есть у нее?
2.5Questions about size, dimension, weight, age, colour, shape
How + |
adj. |
|
|
What + noun |
|
||
How |
|
big |
is it? |
= |
What |
size |
is it? |
|
|
tall |
|
|
|
height |
|
|
|
high |
|
|
|
height |
|
|
|
long |
|
|
|
length |
|
|
|
deep |
|
|
|
depth |
|
|
|
thick |
|
|
|
thickness |
|
|
|
wide |
|
|
|
width |
|
|
|
broad |
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|
|
breadth |
|
|
|
heavy |
|
|
|
weight* |
|
|
|
old |
|
|
|
age |
|
*You may also ask: What does it weigh? How much does it weigh?
• With make, kind, brand, sort (марка, модель, тип, вид, брэнд, сорт, класс), etc. of is used.
What make of car did he buy? |
What kind of books does she read? |
|
What brand of perfume do you use? |
What sort of plane was it? |
|
Possible replies |
Answers: He is 1 m 90 tall. |
|
Question: |
How tall is Mark? |
His height is 1 m 90.
He is 1 m 90 in height.
2.6 Questions with preposition like
Don’t mix preposition like with the verb to like (любить, нравиться): What does she like? She likes dancing.
There are two types of questions with preposition like.
• What is/are … like? means I don’t know anything about it. The answer can be a description (описание) or comparison (сравнение).