I. Выберите утверждение, которое можно рассматривать как удачное thesis statement. Аргументируйте ваш выбор.

1. My friend has a lovely cat.

2. My uncle owns four cats; these creatures present a health hazard in our neighborhood.

3. The Bible is useful to read.

4. My family is very friendly.

5. The family tree is one of the most effective and shortest ways to make acquaintance with all

your relatives.

6. Studying abroad is not an easy thing for young people.

II. В выбранных thesis statements найдите слова, которые содержат скрытые вопросы. Задайте эти вопросы.

NB! Основная часть вашего выступления состоит из нескольких частей (параграфов). Каждый параграф начинается сtopic sentence, то есть с утверждения, содержание которого должно быть раскрыто с помощью дополнительной информации, такой как: факты, статистика, описание, определения, мнения известных людей, ваш личный опыт.

Логическая модель построения текста в английском и русском языках отличается.

Задания

1. Прочитайте статью “WhatislogicalinEnglish?”и обсудите, какие различия существуют в

разных языковых культурах.

What is logical in English?

A paragraph is a group of sentences that logically develops one subject. However, each language has a different logical pattern. In other words, Arabic has a different logical pattern from that of Spanish. English has a different logical pattern from those of Arabic and Spanish. For example, study the logical patterns shown in Figure 1.

It is not logical for a Chinese (Mandarin) writer to develop a subject directly. Instead, a Chinese writer begins on the outside of the subject, develops the subject indirectly, and ends with the exact subject. Thus, in Mandarin Chinese, logical development is indirect development.

In contrast, it is logical for a writer of English to develop a subject directly. A writer of English usually begins with the exact subject, develops the subject directly with examples and facts, and ends with a summarizing sentence. Therefore, in English, logical development is direct development.

English Semitic Oriental Romance Russian

Figure 1. Logical development patterns of different cultures

2. Прочитайте и определите, носители, какого языка являются авторами этих текстов.

Text I.

IMPORTANT SWISS CUSTOMS FOR FOREIGNERS

The beautiful mountain country of Switzerland was mainly settled by the Germans, French, and Italians. When they came to Switzerland, these settlers brought with them many important beliefs and customs. One common belief was a strong religious feeling. In fact, the Swiss still follow their religious traditions and customs very closely. Also the geography of Switzerland has played an important role in making the Swiss personality. Most of the people who came to Switzerland were strong people who often lived by themselves in the mountains. They had to be independent, yet neighborly, in times of trouble. As a result, Swiss people today are friendly but formal. Moreover, Switzerland is the country of watches and exactness. Therefore, it is important to be on time for everything. To summarize, tourists must realize that (I) drugstores, supermarkets, and banks are closed on Sundays; (2) a male acquaintance should be greeted with "Herr" or "Monsieur" and never with the first name; and (3) it is necessary to be on time for parties, business meetings, churches, and trains!

Text II.

IMPORTANT SWISS CUSTOMS FOR FOREIGNERS

Three important Swiss customs for foreign visitors to know are related to religion, greeting, and punctuality. The Swiss people are very religious, and Sunday is their holy day. On Sunday, people rarely work in the garden, in the house, or even on the car. In fact, many Swiss people have several cars such as BMW's from Germany, Renaults from France, and Fiats from Italy. Foreign tourists should know that most drugstores, supermarkets, and banks are closed on Sunday. As most bankers know, Zurich, Switzerland, is the banking capital of the world. The Swiss people are also very formal. For example, they seldom call people by their first names. The German "Herr" and the French "Monsieur" are much more frequently used in Switzerland than the English "Mister" is used in the United States. A foreign visitor should say either "Herr" or "Monsieur" when greeting a male acquaintance, and should use the person's first name only if he is a close friend. Indeed, recent surveys show that only 27 percent of all Swiss men have close male friends. In addition, Switzerland is the land of watches and exactness. It is important to be on time to everywhere: parties, business meetings, churches, and railway stations. Swiss hosts, factory bosses, and ministers love punctuality. Tourists should remember that Swiss train conductors never wait for late persons. In regard to Swiss trains, they are the best in the world because of the country's modern track system and the system's well-serviced cars. In summary, Swiss customs are quite easy to follow and very important to remember.

How is the English paragraph developed directly?

In English, two types of paragraphs are logical and direct: inductive paragraphs and deductive paragraphs. Since deductive paragraphs are the most common paragraphs in English, they will be explained in the chapter.

A deductive paragraph has three parts that provide direct logical development. Proportionately, these three parts appear in the paragraph as shown in Figure 2.

Topic sentence (one sentence)

Subject development (three-eight sentences)

Summary sentence (one sentence)

The following paragraph uses the English style of direct development. As you read it, notice the topic sentence, subject development and summary sentence. When you finish, complete the analysis.

Text III.

IMPORTANT SWISS CUSTOMS FOR FOREIGNERS

(Topic sentence) Three important Swiss customs for tourists to know deal with religion, greeting, and punctuality. (Subject development) The Swiss people are very religious, and Sunday is their holy day. On Sunday, people rarely work in the garden, in the house, or even on the car. Foreign tourists should know that most drugstores, supermarkets, and banks are closed on Sunday. The Swiss are also a formal people. For example, they seldom call acquaintances by their first names; the German "Herr" and French "Monsieur" are much more frequently used in Switzerland than the English "Mister" is used in the United States. A tourist should therefore say either "Herr" or "Monsieur" when greeting an acquaintance, and only use the person's first name if he is a close friend. In addition, Switzerland is the land of watches and exactness. It is important to be on time to parties, business meetings, and churches because Swiss hosts, factory bosses, and ministers all love punctuality. It is especially important for tourists to be on time for trains; Swiss train conductors never wait for late arrivers. (Summary sentence) In summary, Swiss customs are very easy to follow and very important to remember.

(Из материалов проекта ТЕМПУС)

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