6. Open the brackets using the proper form of a participle as an adverbial modifier.

1. Be careful while (cross) the street. 2. (read) the book, he went to the library. 3. (prescribe) the medicine, the doctor went away. 4. The new method, (apply), failed. 5. She paused, (wait) for Miles to say something. 6. He cut himself (shave). 7. (leave) alone, I went on with my work. 8. I lost my way, (show) the wrong directions. 9. (finish) our work, we went home. 10. When (compile) the program, I got some errors. 11. The (do) work was well paid for. 12. (examine) by the customs, the goods were let through.

Reading

Programming languages

1. Answer the questions:

1. What is a programming language?

2. What programming languages do you know?

3. What programming languages are widely used nowadays?

Lexis

2. Fill in the blanks:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
to vary
	sophistication
to differ
		definite
	specification

3. Read and guess the meaning of the international words.

Instr`uction, 'grammar, interpret`tation, `model, punctu'ation, de'sign, add`ress, `category

4. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

Artificial language, sequence of instructions, multiple ways, degree of versatility, scientific applications, highly portable, commonly employed programming language, to manipulate data, linguistic sophistication, imperative programming language, to hit the market, to be currently available, object-oriented programming.

5. Read the text and find Participle I, II in it.

Programming Language, in computer science, is an artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.

Computer science offers programming languages varying greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Here we come to mention programming languages written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—Fortran for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. Although these languages, designed to address specific categories of computer problems, are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers.

Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly employed programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, PASCAL, and BASIC fall into this category.

Language structure and components.

Programming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program. A statement in a program is a basic sentence expressing a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction. Statements define the types of data allowed, how data are to be manipulated, and the ways that procedures and functions work. Programmers use statements to manipulate common components of programming languages, such as variables and macros (mini-programs within a program).

Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages understood directly by a computer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer. High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of high-level languages are C, C++, PASCAL, and Fortran. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine language and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.

Examples of computer programming languages in an almost evolutionary order.

1. FORTRAN is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by John Backus of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications.

2. C is a compiled procedural, imperative programming language made popular as the basis of Unix.

3. Pascal is a general-purpose structured language named after the famous mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It was very popular during the '80s and '90s. Whilst popularity of Pascal itself has waned (its principal use is in teaching of programming); languages derived from it (such as Object Pascal) are still in use.

4. BASIC (Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), typically seen as a language for learning programming, was invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz of Dartmouth College. It became the most widely used language when microcomputers first hit the market, in the 70s and '80s. Many dialects of BASIC have been produced.

5. C++ is a compiled programming language based on C, with support for object-oriented programming. It is one of the most widely used programming languages currently available. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup and was based on the programming language C. C++ retains the syntax and many familiar functions of C, but also adds various concepts associated with other programming paradigms, such as classes.

7. Java is an object oriented interpreted programming language. It has gained popularity in the past few years for its ability to be run on many platforms, including Solaris, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and other systems. It was developed by Sun Microsystems.

8. The Delphi Language is the name of the Object Pascal derivative that is the primary language of later versions of Borland's Delphi Studio integrated development environment.

9. Python is an interpreted, dynamically typed, object-oriented language that has some unique syntax features (like the significance of indentation). Though strictly speaking an interpreted language, its usage domain follows that of Java and C#.

10. PHP is a newer programming language with focus on web design. It has a C-like syntax.

6. Give the English for:

1. подходящий, пригодный. 2. похожий. 3. степень многосторонности. 4. применение в области бизнеса. 5. широко применяемый. 6. универсальный язык. 7. обрести популярность. 8. среда разработки.