Функции глаголов to have, to be, to do
Грамматические функции и значения глаголов to have и to be резко меняются в зависимости от того, какое слово следует за этими глаголами.
Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол to have употреблен как вспомогательный. Переведите предложения.
1. You will have to deliver the goods in five days.
2. They have just signed all the documents.
3. Many people have a current account in the bank.
4. The banking industry has changed radically over the last 10 years.
5. Britain has a largely free-market economy.
6. Our exports have increased. The increase will give us an opportunity to repay the credit.
7. The country has always imported these goods.
Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких функциях употреблен глагол to have в следующих предложениях:
1). Не often has to write letters to foreign companies.
2). They have already discussed the time of delivery of goods.
3). The firm has extended its resources through the use of credit.
4). They had to agree to this plan.
5). The owner has invested some of his money into new businesses.
6). The firm has no securities.
7). New credits have increased the income of the purchaser.
Упражнение 1. Определите, в каких функциях употреблен глагол to be в следующих предложениях:
a) модальный; с) вспомогательный;
b) смысловой; d) глагол-связка.
1. Our company is interested in different consumer goods.
2. English is the main language of the business world.
3. The development of foreign trade is of great importance for any country.
4. This company was to sign a contract.
5. Bank notes are issued by the central bank.
6. London is on the Thames.
7. The conference was attended by representatives of different countries.
Глагол to do
В служебной функции глагола-усилителя глагол do (does, did) употребляете в утвердительной форме повествовательного предложения и стоит перед смысловым (самостоятельным) глаголом.
Упражнение 1. Проанализируйте функции глагола to do в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык:
1. This bank does crediting operations between individuals.
2. Mr. Smith doesn't go to his office on Saturdays.
3. This manager works as well as he did last year.
4. The young scientist did make the experiment successfully.
5. We did our best to sign this contract.
6. She doesn't speak English so well as her friend does.
7. They usually study English every day. And so does he.
Условные придаточные предложения
Условные придаточные предложения обычно соединяются с главным предложением союзами if – если, unless – если не.
I тип условного придаточного предложения выражает осуществимое реальное условие. В главном предложении употребляется Future Indefinite, в придаточном – Present Indefinite.
If I have time, I shall go to the cinema. – Если у меня будет время, я пойду в кино.
II тип выражает маловероятное условие. В главном предложении употребляется should (would) и инфинитив смыслового глагола, в придаточном – Past Indefinite.
If I had time, I should go to the cinema. – Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошел в кино.
III тип выражает нереальное условие. В главном предложении употребляется should (would) и перфектный инфинитив, в придаточном – Past Perfect.
If they had known her address they would have written to her. – Если бы они знали ее адрес, они написали бы ей.
Упражнение 1. Определите тип условных придаточных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык:
If he works hard, he will pass the exams well.
If they finish their work quickly, they will go home early.
If you don't listen to the teacher, you will learn nothing.
If I had time, I should help you.
He would have taken the bus if he had not been late.
We should play football if it were not raining.
If he had not been worrying about being late, he would have closed the door properly.
If he had not seen the door was open, he would not have got out of the car to close it.
If she were a true actress, she would play her part better.
If he had not had to work so late, there would have been places in his usual car park.
Упражнение 2. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму:
If you (bring) me the book, I should have read it.
If he didn't ring me up, I (not to come).
If he (not to write) to me, I shouldn't have answered him.
If I (be) you, I should have apologized to her.
If I see him, I (tell) him everything.
If he were in, he (answer) the phone.
We (stay) at home, if we had known he was coming.
He would have been the best student in the group, if he (work) harder.
If you (pass) your examination, we should have a celebration.
If I (have) time, I shall help you.