- •Часть II
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Contents
- •1.3 Match the phrase from column a with its meaning from column b.
- •1.4 Read the text and make up its plan. Draw three schemes on the first paragraph of the text.
- •1.5 Read text 1.4 again, find English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •1.6 Read the text once more and match the following words from a to their meanings from b.
- •1.7 What do the following words refer to? Read the sentences with them.
- •1.8 Complete the sentences from the text above.
- •1.9 Answer the questions to the text.
- •1.10 Read the text and find additional information about biology.
- •1.12 Retell text 1.4 according to your plan and add some more information from text 1.10.
- •1.13 Look at these words that appear in the text. Check the meaning and the pronunciation of any unknown words in the dictionary.
- •1.14 Match the phrases from column a with their meanings from column b.
- •1.15 Read and give the title to the text below, draw the schemes to the first paragraph of the text and make up the plan of its second paragraph.
- •1.16 Match the words from column a with its meaning from column b
- •1.17 Answer the following questions using the information from
- •1.18 Work in groups. Read the text and say what new information about plants and animals you have got from it:
- •1.19 Complete the gaps in the following text with the words from
- •1.20 Match Russian sentences from part a (1–12) with their English equivalents from part b (a–I).
- •Remember:
- •1.21 Form the plural of the following nouns:
- •The Passive Voice
- •1.22 Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the use of the Passive forms.
- •1.24 State the tense and voice of the verbs.
- •1.25 Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •1.26 Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the verbs given below, using the Passive Voice.
- •1.27 How can animals in danger be saved from extinction? This is what happened to the oryx. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the passive.
- •1.28 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Active or Passive Voice).
- •The Natural World. Plants and Animals
- •2.5 Using the text, give characteristics to all groups of vertebrates
- •2.6 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •The world around us
- •2.7 Read and correct the sentences:
- •2.12 Read the text about mammals and answer the questions. Mammals
- •2.13 Answer the questions:
- •2.14 Translate the following words into Russian. Then complete the columns:
- •2.15 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
- •2.16 Match the verbs in a with their meanings in b, then use these verbs in the right form in the sentences below.
- •2.17 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Неличные формы глагола и синтаксические обороты
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.18 Pay attention to the use of the Active Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.19 Pay attention to the use of the Passive Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.20 Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.
- •2.21 Underline the Complex Subject with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2.22 Underline the Complex Object with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •The Classifications of Living Things
- •Animal kingdom
- •Plant kingdom
- •3.8 Look through the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list 1- 5 for each part a-d of the text. There is an extra heading that you do not need to use.
- •3.9 You are going to read the text. Check the meaning and pronounciation of the words in the dictionary.
- •3.10 Match the phrase in column a with its definition in column b.
- •3.11 Read the text and define its main idea: linnean system of classification
- •3.12 Find the pairs of synonyms:
- •3.13 Complete the sentences:
- •3.14 Work in pairs:
- •3.15 Read the text and answer the questions.
- •3.16 Speak on the topics:
- •3.17 Match the words in a with their meanings in b.
- •3.18 Match each animal from the box with the animal group it belongs to. Some animals can be used more than once.
- •What is a mammal?
- •3.20 Match each of these parts of body (a-d) to an animal from the box.
- •3.22 State whether ing-forms are gerunds, verbal nouns or participles.
- •3.23 Read the sentences, explain the use of the Gerund and translate them into Russian.
- •3.24 Use the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.
- •3.25 Complete the sentences using the Gerund.
- •4.4 Find in the text the words or phrases similar to the following words:
- •4.5 Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •4.6 Complete the sentences
- •4.7 Read and translate the following text without a dictionary and guess the meaning of the underlined words:
- •4.8 Read the text and fill in the gaps, using the words below:
- •4.9 Translate the following passages and entitle them:
- •4.10 Entitle the text and get ready to answer the questions.
- •4.11 Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •4.12 Translate the text without a dictionary and guess the meaning of the underlined words: Cell components
- •4.14 Reproduce in your own words:
- •4.15 Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
- •4.16 State the functions of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.17 State the functions of Participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.19 Find the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions, analyze what their elements are expressed by and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4.20 Translate the text into Russian, paying attention to the Participles: Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems
- •4.21 Translate the following sentences into Russian and substitute the Absolute Participle Construction by clauses and vice versa.
- •4.22 Translate into Russian:
- •4.23 Note the use of verbals in translate them into Russian. Prehistoric plants
- •Biology
- •3. Read the text and answer the question:
- •What is Biology
- •4. Read the text and tell about the differences in sensitivity of plants and animals.
- •8. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian sentences:
- •Respiration
- •9. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian words:
- •Excretion
- •10. Read the text and answer the questions. Growth
- •11. Read the text and tell about homeostasis. Maintaining life
- •Where Organisms Live?
- •Animal inhabitants of the british isles
- •3. Read the text and answer the questions:
- •Selling ivory
- •In the text above find the underlined words, which are close in meaning to those below:
- •4. Do the crossword.
- •5. Study the meanings of these four related verbs.
- •In some cases more than one answer is possible.
- •6. Translate the following texts, using your dictionary. Fill in the gaps with the words given below:
- •6. Read the text, classify the animals (reptiles, birds, etc.) and speak on the peculiarities of Britain's fauna. Animal inhabitants of the british isles
- •7. Read the text and pick out words that can be used in description of a bird (e. G. Feathers, to fly, etc.). Then give a short summary of the text. The long history of birds
- •8. Read the text and speak on the evolution of the birds in Australia. Australia's birds
- •9. Read the text and match the two words in bold with their definitions given below.
- •The eggs — a living masterpiece
- •10. Read the text, fill in the gaps with the words from the box and explain the underlined word.
- •11. In the texts below, fill in the blanks with "male(s)" or "female(s)". The singing humpback whale
- •12. The paragraphs below are mixed up. Join the paragraphs so as to get a whole text. Begin with paragraph 2.
- •13. Read the text and match the titles with the paragraphs:
- •14. Read the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list a-c for each part 1 – 3 of the text.
- •15. Read the text and do the assignments that follow it.
- •Carolus Linnaeus
- •Simple Organisms
- •3. Read the text and say if the sentences are true or false; correct false sentences.
- •Invertebrates
- •4. Read the text make up its plan and answer the questions.
- •6. Read the text, tell about characteristic features of amphibians and the differences between frogs and toads; find English equivalents to the Russian expressions:
- •Amphibians
- •Arthropods
- •Reptiles
- •Mammals
- •Nonflowering Plants
- •Flowering Plants
- •3. Read the text, make up its plan and match English words in a with their English equivalents in b The Cell
- •The stuff of life
- •Vocabulary
- •Bibliography
- •Английский язык
- •Часть II
- •Подписано в печать Тираж зкз.
- •625003, Тюмень, Семакова, 10.
Carolus Linnaeus
The Swedish naturalist and physician Carolus Linnaeus is renowned for his contribution to natural history. He established the modern scientific method of naming plants and animals using two Latin words. Linnaeus then developed an extensive system of classification that divided plants and animals into the classes, orders, families, genera, and species that form the basis of modern taxonomy (the classification of nature). In 1788 the Linnaean Society was founded in London, England, in his honor. As proof of the importance of his work, the society still preserves his collections and manuscripts.
1. Carolus Linnaeus is an English naturalist.
2. He developed a special system of classification.
3. Carolus Linnaeus formed the basis of genetics.
4. He established the modern scientific method of naming plants and animals using two Latin words.
Read the text and answer the questions.
Simple Organisms
Simple Organisms are viruses and one-celled organisms, such as bacteria, blue-green algae, and protists. Viruses are on the borderline between living and nonliving things. They are not true cells but simply genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses do not show life activities unless they are inside a living cell. They use their host's DNA to reproduce. Viruses cause many plant and animal diseases; unless the organism can protect itself, the virus spreads to cause illness and even death.
1. What are simple organisms?
2. Are viruses living or non-living things?
3. What for do they use some other organism?
4. Can viruses spread very rapidly and cause diseases?
3. Read the text and say if the sentences are true or false; correct false sentences.
Invertebrates
Soft-bodied invertebrates (animals without a backbone) include the sponges, jellyfish, slugs, and all the different kinds of worms. They have a soft body that is not protected by a hard outer skeleton. The most primitive of the soft-bodied invertebrates are the sponges – simple internal skeleton. Some soft-bodied invertebrates are protected by a shell. They are made up of cells supported by For example, snails, clams, and oysters each have one or two shells to protect them from predators and from drying out when they are out оf water.
1. Soft-bodied invertebrates don’t have any skeleton.
2. Some of them have shells.
3. Shells protect them from predators.
4. Read the text make up its plan and answer the questions.
What types of bacteria do you know?
Bacterium, plural bacteria, any of a group of microscopic organisms that are prokaryotic, i.e., that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Bacteria are unicellular (one-celled) and may have spherical (coccus), rod-like (bacillus), or curved (vibrio, spirillum, or spirochete) bodies. Different bacteria inhabit virtually all environments, including soil, water, organic matter, and the bodies of eukaryotes (multicellular animals). Some bacteria are known to be beneficial to humans and the higher animals, while many others are harmful; bacteria are the chief cause of infectious diseases in humans.
What kind of cell walls do they have?
On average, bacteria are about 1 micrometre long and 0.5 micrometre in diameter. All bacteria are surrounded by a lipid membrane that regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell. A rigid cell wall completely surrounds the bacterium and lies outside the membrane. Gram-positive bacteria are stained blue by the gram stain, because their cell walls have a relatively thick and meshlike structure that traps the dye. In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is thin and releases the dye readily when washed with an alcohol solution.
What are flagellae?
Outside the cell wall, some species of bacteria also have a capsule made up of polysaccharides. Such capsules have many functions, including protecting the bacterium from phagocytes and from dessication (drying). Many species of bacteria swim by means of flagellae, i.e., hairlike structures whose whiplike lashing provide propulsion.
What structures are distributed about the bacterial cytoplasm?
The DNA of most bacteria is found in a single circular chromosome and is distributed throughout the cytoplasm rather than in a membrane-bound nucleus. Smaller circular auxiliary DNA strands, called plasmids, are also found in the cytoplasm. There are a number of other structures distributed about the bacterial cytoplasm, including ribosomes.
How do bacteria reproduce?
When applied to bacteria, the term growth refers to an increase in the size of a population rather than in that of an individual microorganism. Bacteria usually reproduce through binary fission, an asexual process in which the mother cell increases in size until it divides into two identical daughter cells. There are also bacteria that reproduce through budding, through chains of spores, and through the segmentation of elementary units. Bacteria do not reproduce sexually, but there are several mechanisms by which DNA is exchanged in a one-way transfer between them.
What are heterotrophs and autotrophs?
All bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, inorganic salts, and micronutri-ents. Bacteria that use an organic compound as their source of carbon are called heterotrophs, while those that use an inorganic source are called autotrophs. In addition, some bacteria use photosynthesis to generate energy in the form of the compound ATP; these are called phototrophs. Some species of bacteria are parasitic and can grow only within a living host cell; examples include the genera Rickettsia and Chlamydia, both of which are parasites in eukaryotic cells. Those bacteria that require oxygen, such as Bacillus, are called aerobes; anaerobes, such as Clostridium, can not survive in the presence of oxygen.
What types of bacteria do you know?
Various types of bacteria that are present in water can cause disease in humans, and water-purification plants are designed to destroy these microorganisms. Bacteria from industrial wastes may also act as pathogens, or agents of disease. Conversely, some types of bacteria act as cleansing agents in water, and water-treatment facilities utilize some such bacteria to break down the organic matter that is present in sewage.
Various types of bacteria contaminate foods and can cause food poisoning in humans. Pasteurization is routinely used to neutralize bacteria that may be present in milk, for example. Other sterilization techniques include high temperature, radiation, ethylene oxide, and other antiseptics and germicides.
What is virulence?
The ability of a bacterium to cause a disease is called virulence. One contributing factor to the degree of virulence is the type of capsule a bacterium has. Some bacteria have a specificity for various parts of the body: meningo-coccal bacteria infect the brain membranes, and tubercule bacteria infect the lungs. Some are slightly more generalized: staphylococcal bacteria can infect the skin, causing boils; the bloodstream, causing blood poisoning; and the bones, causing the condition known as osteomyelitis.
Are all bacteria harmful?
Although human interest in bacteria frequently focuses on their harmful effects, most bacteria are harmless to human beings, and many of them are actually beneficial. Saprophytic bacteria, for example, perform an ecologically indispensable role in the breakdown of dead organisms and organic wastes; with out such agents of decomposition, the cycling of various elements vital to living organisms (including nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus) would cease in the biosphere.
How are bacteria used?
Bacteria also form highly beneficial associations with animals. For instance, the bacterial inhabitants of the ruminant stomach break down cellulose; this enables cows, sheep, and other ruminants to digest grass. Humans also harbour beneficial bacteria, such as those in the lower intestine that synthesize vitamin K. Bacteria are also used in various industrial processes, especially in the food industry; the production of buttermilk, yogurt, cheeses, pickles, and sauerkraut are all dependent upon bacterial action.
What is the scientific classification of bacteria?
The scientific classification of bacteria is in transition, particularly at the higher taxonomic levels. The bacteria form the only prokaryotic kingdom, that of the Monera. Within this kingdom, at least two groups have been distinguished, the eubacteria and archaebacteria. DNA hybridization studies of ribosomal RNA have proven useful in defining these groups.
Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian sentences given below.
Fish
Fish are vertebrates (animals with a backbone) that are completely adapted for life in water. They breathe under water and have a streamlined body for swimming. They have fins to propel, balance, and steer themselves. Fish are found in both freshwater and marine habitats. Sharks and rays belong to an ancient group of fish that existed 200 million years before dinosaurs. They are called cartilaginous fish because they have a skeleton made of cartilage, a kind of gristle. Their big, oily liver helps them float, and they have a skin with toothlike scales.
1. У них есть плавники, при помощи которых они передвигаются, держат равновесие и управляют направлением движения.
2. Их называют хрящевыми рыбами, так как у них скелет состоит из своего рода хрящей.
3. Они дышат под водой и имеют обтекаемое тело для плавания.
4. Их большая жирная печень помогает им держаться на воде, а кожа покрыта зубчатой чешуей.
5. Средой обитания для рыб может как пресная, так и морская вода.