8. Complete the table below:

VERB	ADJECTIVE	NOUN
……………………	specific	…………………..
……………………….	deep	……………………
…………………….	……………….	inventor invention
construct	………………………	……………………… …………………………
…………………………	economic	……………………… ……………………….. ………………………..
………………………..	………………………..	production producer
enjoy	………………..	……………..
……………………..	…………………..	deceit
…………………..	national	………………………
……………………..	theoretical	……………………. ………………………
…………………	…………………..	familiarity
activate	…………………	……………………
imagine	…………………. ………………….. …………………..	……………………..
…………………	strong	……………………
compete	…………………..	…………………… ……………………….
………………	dark	…………………….
…………………….	…………………	winter
differ	………………….	…………………….
manage	……………………	………………………. …………………………
…………………..	…………………….	agreement
attract	…………………..	…………………..
..……………………..	…………………………	dramatist
……………………….	dependent	……………………..

ADVERB FORMATION

Suffix	Meaning	Example
-ly		quickly, usually, fortunately
-ways		sideways
-wise		otherwise
-long		headlong
-ward		forward

Adverbs are used to modify:

• Verbs They walked slowly down the road.

• Adjectives She felt extremely tired.

• Adverbs She is eating terribly slowly.

• Phrases We met him entirely by accident.

• Sentences Fortunately, we had enough milk left for breakfast.

Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. But an adjective characterizes a noun, and an adverb characterizes a verb in most cases. Compare:

Adjective	Adverb
Fast – скорый, быстрый She took a fast train.	Fast – быстро You speak very fast.
Long – длинный It has been a long day	Long - долго Have you been waiting long?
Far – дальний He lives in the Far East.	Far – далеко We haven’t walked far today.
Little – маленький She is just a little girl.	Little – мало He reads very little.
Much - много There was much snow that winter.	Much – много She studies very much.
Straight – прямой Draw a straight line.	Straight – прямо Go straight along this road.
Daily – ежедневный It’s a daily newspaper.	Daily – ежедневно He reads a newspaper daily.
Early – ранний I’m an early riser.	Early – рано I always get up early.

Some adverbs have two forms: adverbs with the suffix – ly and adverbs without this suffix. They have different meanings. Study the table and examples below.

Adjective	Adverb	Adverb + ly
bad плохой	bad плохо, сильно	badly плохо, сильно, очень
close близкий	close близко	closely тщательно, внимательно
hard твердый, трудный	hard упорно, твердо	hardly почти не, едва, еле-еле
high высокий	high высоко	highly очень, весьма
large большой	large широко	largely в значительной степени
late поздний	late поздно	lately в последнее время
near близкий	near близко	nearly почти
short короткий	short резко. круто	shortly вскоре, незадолго

1. He studies hard. – Он много (упорно) учится.

He hardly studies. – Он почти не учится.

2. She examined the letter closely. – Она внимательно рассматривала письмо.

We live close to school. – Мы живем близко к школе.

3. He cut me short. – Он резко меня оборвал.

She came to shortly after the operation. – Она пришла в сознание вскоре после операции.

EXERCISES

1. Say whether the word in italics is an adjective or an adverb.

1. The questions were so easy that everyone could answer them.

2. He answered all the questions easily.

3. He spoke loudly.

4. We heard a loud noise in the street.

5. We went straight to St. Petersburg without stopping anywhere.

6. This road is quite straight.

7. You would write better if you had a better pen.

8. He has very little knowledge of the subject.

9. When I first came to Moscow I little thought that I would stay here so long.

10. We stayed there a long time.

11. He works more and better than he used to.

12. I have more books than you.

13. An early bird catches the worm.

14. We talked very much that evening.

15. We haven’t had much rain this month.

16. He is playing worse than usual.

17. The patient is worse this morning.

2. Form adverbs from these words and complete the sentences.

1. She spoke _____________________________________ (INCREDIBLE) fast.

2. It rained __________________________________________ (HEAVY) all night.

3. Could you ______________________(POSSIBLE) help me move these indoors?

4. Sales have increased _______________________________ (DRAMA) since we started advertising our products on television.

5. She answered him ________________________ (SHY) in her quiet voice, never once looking up at him.

6. Must you eat so _________________________ (NOISY)? We’re trying to have a conversation!

7. ______________________________(NATURE), I gave her all the help I could.

8. Write _________________________ (LEGIBLE) so that the examiner could read it.

9. ______________________________(BASE), I agree with the plan. It’s just some of the details that I’m not sure about.

10. He was ______________________________(SHABBY) dressed in an old brown overcoat and shoes with holes in them.

11. Paul sings __________________________(BEAUTY), I’m surprised he isn’t a professional singer.

12. Are you sitting____________________________ (COMFORTABLE) in that chair?

13. You need to organize your time more_________________________ (EFFICIENT).

3. Choose the right word: an adjective or an adverb.

a)

1. I’m terrible / terribly sorry, but I must be going now.

2. It’s been a wonderful / wonderfully evening.

3. The food was absolute / absolutely delicious.

4. Your parties are simple / simply the best.

5. I real / really enjoyed myself.

6. Unfortunate / Unfortunately I have to get up at 6 in the morning.

7. I mustn’t be late / lately for work tomorrow.

8. I must be off immediate / immediately. Thanks again.

b)

The house was (1) quiet / quietly. It had been snowing (2) heavy / heavily all day and the ground was covered in a (3) soft / softly white blanket. (4) Sudden / Suddenly, there was a (5) loud / loudly knock at the door. I jumped up (6) nervous / nervously. Who is it? I called (7) anxious / anxiously. There was no reply. I (8) slow / slowly opened the door and looked outside. A rush of (9) cold / coldly air entered the house. I (10) quick / quickly shut the door and turned around, then I saw the most (11) horrible / horribly creature I had ever seen standing in front of me.

4. Read the text from the “Agony column” of a newspaper. Add –ly where necessary.

Jane F. from Glasgow writes:

I’m twenty-four and my life is so stressful … . I have literal … pulled out my hair. I had to part with about half of the thick … , gorgeous … mane that used to be my fantastic … trademark. In a few places you can actual … see my awful … scalp! My boyfriend already looks at me sad …. . It is taking forever to grow back, so to speed up the process I’ve had a very trendy … haircut, used volume-enhancing… shampoo, and I tried extreme … expensive … hair extensions. Nothing works. Do you know any quick … solutions? I’m desperate … . Please answer as soon as possible … .

5. Complete the sentences with adverbs made from the words in italics.

Outstanding performance by the London Symphony Orchestra hits London. Last night’s concert ended as a big success. The violins were extraordinary yet again. James Levine, conductor of the century, was very good indeed. The audience was enthusiastic and frenetic. They enjoyed every minute of the concert.

1. The London Symphony Orchestra performed ______________________________.

2. The concert ended ____________________________________________________.

3. The violinists played __________________________________________________.

4. James Levine conducted _______________________________________________.

5. The audience applauded ____________________ and ________________________.