- •Vocabulary 138
- •Electric current serves lis in a thousand ways
- •Exercises
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Lightning
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Magnetism
- •Exercises
- •Idioms early history
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Lomonosov
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Volta's short biography
- •Electric current
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •What is heat?
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electric circuit
- •Voltmeter
- •Conductors and insulators
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Insulator surface treatment
- •Electromotive force and resistance
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Heating effect of an electric current
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Translate the following word combinations:
- •VI. Define the meaning of the prefixes in the following words, translate them:
- •IX. Translate tfie following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •X. Read and retell the following text.
- •If there were no electricity
- •XI. Speak on the heating effect of an electric current.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of tfie word that
- •V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions and form sentences with the following infinitives: -
- •VII. Compare:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences, paying atten- tion to the words in bold type:
- •IX. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
- •X. Give a short summary of the text.
- •XI. Look at Fig. 9 and describe Oersted's discovery.
- •XII. Describe fig. 10.
- •VI. Read the following abbreviations:
- •VII. Define the following terms:
- •IX. Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I and II:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Define the following terms:
- •V. (a) Choose the right term; (b) explain the statement:
- •VI. Translate the following sentences:
- •VII. Translate the following text:
- •VIII. Retell the text.
- •Transformers
- •3 Single-pnase transformers stepping generator voltage up to 275.000 volts
- •2300 To 230 volt
- •2300 Volt motor
- •230 Volt induction motor
- •Transmission system
- •IV. Form as many words as possible using suffixes and prefixes. Define what parts of speech the new words are and translate them:
- •V. Form nouns from the following words using suitable suffixes:
- •VI. Translate the following word combinations:
- •VII. Arrange the following words and expressions in pairs of a) synonyms, b) antonyms:
- •IX. Compare:
- •X. Translate the following text:
- •XI. Retell the text
- •IV. Translate the following sentences using the Passive Voice:
- •V. Form sentences according to the models given below:
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Define the following terms:
- •VI. Form six sentences using the following nouns quali- fied by adjectives:
- •VII. Translate the following text:
- •VIII. Describe Fig. 15.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences:
- •V. Translate the following sentences:
- •VII. Give a heading to each paragraph of the text. Explain why you have given such a heading.
- •VIII. Speak on:
- •IX. Translate the following text:
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •IV. Translate the following words and word-combinations:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Speak on the possible uses of solar energy.
- •IX. Read and retell the following story;
- •1. Energy
- •2. Electric fish
- •4. Surface tension
- •5. Electric meter
- •7. Refrigerator
- •10. Electron theory
- •11. Thermocouple and photocell
- •12. Electric lamp
- •13. Faraday's discovery
- •15. Steam turbine
- •16. Units of measurement
- •17. Plasma generator
- •18. Laser
- •19. Semiconductors
- •20. Steam power station
- •21. Hydroelectric power station
- •22. Current flow
- •23. Gases, solids, liquids and plasma
- •Idioms, Conjunctional and Prepositional Phrases
- •Vocabulary
- •Impulse wheel ['impals ,wi:l] активная турбина
CONTENTS
by-chgu.ru *«■
Lesson One. Electric Current Serves Us in a Thousand Ways. 7 The Participle.
Lesson Two. Energy 10
The Absolute Participle Construction. Lesson Three. Atomic Energy . . * 14
The Participle.
Lesson Four. Lightning 19
The Gerund.
Lesson Five. Atmospheric Electricity 22
The Gerund.
Lesson Six. Magnetism 26
The Gerund. The Participle.
. Lesson Seven Early History 30
Idioms.
Lesson Eight. History of the T er mometers 33
The Participle. The Gerund Idioms.
\ Lesson Nine. Lomonosov 38
Word-Building.
Lesson Ten. From the History of Electricity 4i
The Infinitive.
b Lesson Eleven. Electric Current 45
Subjective Infinitive Construction. Objective Infinitive Construction.
Lesson Twelve. What Is Heat? 50
The Infinitive.
Lesson Thirteen. Electric Circuit 54
The Infinitive.
Lesson Fourteen. Conductors and Insulators 58
The Attribute. Attributive Clauses.
Lesson Fifteen. Electromotive Force and Resistance 62
The Modality.
Lesson Sixteen. Heating Effect of an Electric Current 66
The Modality.
Lesson Seventeen. Magnetic Effect of an Electric Current ... 70
The Complex Sentence. Lesson Eighteen. Generators 75
The Complex Sentence. Lesson Nineteen. Power Transmission 79
Passive and Impersonal Constructions. Lesson Twenty. Transformers 82
Passive and Impersonal Constructions.
Lesson Twenty-One. Electric Motor л 87
Lesson Twenty-Two. States of Matter 92
Lesson Twenty-Three. Tides and Tidal Electric Stations. ... 95
Lesson Twenty-Four. Can Sun Power Be Used? 99
Additional Grammar Exercises 104
Supplementary Reading 110
Energy 110
Electric Fish 110
Applications of the Electromagnet Ill
Surface Tension 112
Electric Meter 112
Galvanometer ИЗ
Refrigerator 114
Boiling 115
Structure of the Atom 116
Electron Theory 117
Thermocouple and Photocell 118
Electric Lamp 219
Faraday's Discovery 120
Man and His Machines 121
Steam Turbine 122
Units of Measurement : . . . 123
Plasma Generator 124
Laser 125
Semiconductors 127
Steam Power Station - . . 128
Hydroelectric Power Station ... . . 129
Current Flow . . 130
Gases, Solids, Liquids and Plasma . . 133 Idioms, Conjunctional and Prepositional Phrases 136
Vocabulary 138
LESSON ONE
THE PARTICIPLE
Electric current serves lis in a thousand ways
9
' The electric current was born in the year 1§00 when Afpjfca Donstfucfed the first source of continuous current. Since that
Mme numerous scientists and inventors, Russian and foreign, lave greatiy contributed to its development and practical Application. 4
1 As-a result, we cannot imagine modern civilization without the electric current. We can't imagine how people could 4o without the electric lamp, without vacuum cleaners, lifrigerators, washing machines and other electrically operated devices that are widely used today. In fact, telephones, lifts, electric trams and trains, ra$io and television have e'en made possible only dwmg to the electric current.. The §tudent reading this article is certainlyiattiiliaf with liie important part which the electric current plays in every-py life / From the moment when he gets up in the morning rttil he goes to bed at night, he widely uses electric energy, ly going tq the institute^ither on foot or by bicycle, can №e do without electricity. Лп fact, it is well known that jelect-Hc current is necessary for the operation of trolley-buses, trails,, buses and modern trains
* During the day he (that is, the reading student^ 4vill also ЩЩ some electrical devices, working in the laboratory, making use of the telephone, the lift, the tram and so oh. As for the evening, if he studies or reads by an electric lamp, watches
television, goes to the theatre or cinema, he certainly uses electricity.
Some people are more familiar with the various applications of the electric current in their everyday life'than* they are with its t numerous industrial applications. However, electric energy finds its most important use in industry. Take, for example, the electric motor transforming electric energy yintp mechanical energy. It finds wide application at every mill and factory. As for the electric crane, it can easily lift objects weighing hundreds of tons.
.A good example which ^illustrating an important industrial use of the electric current is the electrically heated fur-пйсе. Great masses of metal melted in such furnaces flow like water.; Speaking of the melted metals, we might mention one more deyice using electricity—that is the electric pyrometer. ТЫ temperature of hot flowing metals can be easily measured owtog to the electric pyrometer.
These arsonly some of the various industrial applications of the electric current sertiitig us in a thousand ways.
Active worcis ana expressions
application,- as for, current,, device., to do without, electric (al), electricity, furnace, inventor, laboratory, to make use of, to measure, to play a part, scientist, to serve* temperature, to transform, to watch television
Exercises
m ggm, ■ The Participle | ||
Participle I (one) |
Participle II (two) |
Perfect Participle |
Active: writing Passive: being written |
written • |
having written having been written • |
/. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:
a) 1. The student is translating an article on refrigerators. 2. The student has translated an article. 3. The article is translated by the student. 4. The article is being translated by the student. 5. The student translating the article is
comrade Novikov. 6. The article translated by the student is difficult. 7. The translated article is devoted to electrical furnaces. 8. Translating an article, the student used a dictionary. .9. Having translated the article, the student gave it to the teacher. 10. Having been asked to translate the article, the student translated it with great interest.
b) 1. Speaking of the electrically operated devices, one can mention the refrigerator. 2. Having mentioned the name of Volta, the teacher spoke about his invention. 3. The first source of continuous current constructed by Volta appeared in 1800. 4. Hot flowing metals are often measured by the electric pyrometer. 5. The pyrometer used in industry is a device measuring temperature/ 6. the pyrometer showing the temperature of metals melted in furnaces is also an electrical device. 7. Making this instrument, we could not do without a machine operated by electricity. 8. Going along the streets, one can see running trams, trolley-buses, buses and cars. 9. Being widely used in industry, electrical motors are also used in every home.
//. Translate the following sentences:
1. Электрический • мотор, преобразующий электрическую энергию в мехдцйЧескую, используется в повседневной жизни. 2. Говоря...об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть ямя.ВоЛьты. 3. Электрический пирометр измеряет температуру хшвшшешвых металлов. 4. Поработав | на фабрике, мой ъМЩш&Ш&тутл в институт. 5. Электри-, ческие приборы, у$&№ЩУШъ в этой статье, были созданг русскими учеными. 6 ршеряя температуру горячих металлов, студент пользямйея пирометром. 7. Измерив тем-j пературу металла, мы йгачали измерять температуру воды.
I ///. Give .short answeru to the following questions:
\ 1. Does the motor find wide application in industry?
j 2. Is Volta a Russian scientist? 3. Does your friend go to the
i institute on foot? 4. Did yoli go to the theatre yesterday?
j 5. Is there an electric lamp ori^your table? 6. Has your friend bought a new bicycle? 7. Afcf* there many trolley-buses and trams in Moscow? 8 Do you mt£h television every day? 9. Do you use electrical devices? 10. Can you do without electricity? 11. Does the electric current play ' an important part in our life? 12. Does the electric motor transform electrical energy
, into mechanical energy? IS. Is the electric current necessary
I 9
for the operation of trolley-buses and trams? 14. Is your house heated by an electric furnace?
IV. Form four sentences using the words given below:
Model: lift, the, heavy, can, electric, objects, crane.
The electric crane can lift heavy objects.
finds, industry, energy, in, application, electric, wide, a
does, study, he, at, not, the, institute
day, use, every, do, devices, you, electrical,?
the, theatre, go, to, we, yesterday, not, did
-
V. Put all possible questions to the following sentence: The electric motor finds wide application in industry,
VI. Form sentences using the following expressions:
to play a part in; to go on foot; to do without; to make use of; to be familiar with; to get up; to go to bed; to watch television; owing to.
VII. Speak on:
The use of the electric current in industry.
The use of the electric current in everyday life.
VIII. What do you call a device which:
measures the temperature of hot melted metals.
transforms electric energy into mechanical energy.
3. lifts objects weighing hundreds of tons. P 4. lights your room.
IX. Put six special questions to the text.
X. Retell the text
LESSON TWO
THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION
ENERGY
In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as: heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atoijiic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy — potential and kinetic, potential energy being the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another.
A waterfall may serve as an example. Water falling from its raised position, energy changes from potential to Ktnet-Jc energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the. turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines irf their turft drive tjje electric generators, the latter producing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.
When an object loses Its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when wafer is falling from its raised-position, it certainty loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Examples of kinetic energy.
We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speak- iftg, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current I are eimer chemical, as in the battery, or mechanical, as in I the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current 1 having a limited appUcaiinn the great quantities of electric i energy generated today come from various forms of mechan- ical energy, . .
■
П
Rising standards of modern civilization and growing industrial application of the electric current result in an increasing need of energy. Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of. the world are decreasing at the same time as the energy needs of the world are increasing. These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry arid more electric current is employed in everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new sources of energy.
The sun is an unlimited source of energy. However, at present, only a little part of solar energy is being us^ri directly. How can we employ solar energy directly to produce useful energy? This is a question which has interested scientists and inventors for a long time.^Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today, solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.