- •CONTENTS
- •EXPERTS
- •CONTRIBUTORS
- •ABBREVIATIONS
- •1 The management of chronic subdural haematoma
- •2 Glioblastoma multiforme
- •3 Spondylolisthesis
- •4 Intramedullary spinal cord tumour
- •5 Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy
- •6 Management of lumbosacral lipoma in childhood
- •7 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- •8 Colloid cyst of the third ventricle
- •9 Bilateral vestibular schwannomas: the challenge of neurofibromatosis type 2
- •10 Multimodality monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury
- •11 Intracranial abscess
- •12 Deep brain stimulation for debilitating Parkinson’s disease
- •14 Trigeminal neuralgia
- •15 Cerebral metastasis
- •16 The surgical management of the rheumatoid spine
- •17 Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
- •18 Brainstem cavernous malformation
- •19 Peripheral nerve injury
- •20 Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage
- •21 Low-grade glioma
- •22 Intracranial arteriovenous malformation
- •INDEX
INDEX
A
AAO-HNS hearing classification 87 abscess drainage 111
abscesses
see intracranial abscesses acetazolamide 70 acromegaly 125, 128, 129
activated recombinant factor VII 196, 197 adjacent segment disease (ASD) 166–7 adjuvant radiosurgery/radiotherapy 21, 38,
131, 208
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) 129, 130
ampicillin 112 amygdala 50
amyloid angiopath 194 anaesthesia dolorosa 140 aneurysms 227 angiogenesis 146
anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) 163
anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) 163, 167, 168
anterior choroid point 50 anterior inferior cerebellar artery
(AICA) 135–6
anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) 48, 49–51, 54
antibiotics intracranial
abscesses 103, 109, 110, 111, 112 traumatic brain injury 92
anticholinergics 115 anticoagulation
intracranial haemorrhage 192, 193, 197 subdural haematoma 6–7, 8
traumatic brain injury 92 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
gliomas 205, 211
temporal lobe epilepsy 45, 55 traumatic brain injury 100
antiplatelet agents 7 arachnoid mater 3
arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) 222 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) 215–27
benefits of surgery 220 presentation 224
risk factors 223–4 arthroplasty 167–8 aspergillus 112
astrocytic tumour cells 16 astrocytomas 16, 17, 36, 209, 210 atlanto-axial subluxation 154 atrial fibrillation 7
avulsed ventral root 184 awake craniotomy 207 axonotmesis 179, 181
B
base of skull fractures 92 basilar migration 151 Berger, Hans 55 Beriplex 1
bilateral vestibular schwannomas see vestibular schwannomas
biochemical cascades 6 biopsy 206
glioblastoma multiforme 18, 19 gliomas 205, 206
intramedullary spinal chord tumours 37 blast injury 183
bleeding risk 173, 174
blood pressure management 195–7 brachial plexus 179, 181, 183, 184 Brattstrom–Granholm method 157 breast cancer 143, 147 Brown–Séquard syndrome 183 burr hole aspiration 191
burr holes 4, 5
C
C1–C2 fixation 154–5 carbamezapine 135
catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors 115 cauda equina 28, 64
caudal lipomas 63 cavernomas 38
cavernous malformations 171–5 imaging 174
ceftazidime 112
cell transplantation 56 cerebral metastasis 143–7
patient selection 146 treatment options 144–5
232 Index
cerebral oedema 103
cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 92, 93, 95, 99 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 69, 106
leakage 37, 88
cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) 161–8 presentation 161
chaotic lipomas 63 chemotherapy
cerebral metastasis 146
glioblastoma multiforme 15, 18, 19–21 gliomas 206, 211, 212, 213 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 38
chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) 4, 6, 8 chronic suppurative otitis media 110, 111 clot aspiration 191
colloid cysts 75–9
emergency management 79 histology 77
incidence 78 remnants 79
complex partial seizures (CPS) 43, 44 conduction dysphasia 11
conformal external beam radiotherapy 15 conservative management
glioblastoma multiforme 18 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 72 lumbosacral lipomas 63, 66
pituitary macroadenoma 131 spondylolisthesis 23, 26, 28–9, 30 vestibular schwannomas 87
see also non-operative management conus equina 64
coronal plane deformities 168 corpectomy 163
cortical stimulation mapping 212 cortical thrombophlebitis 104 corticosteroids 12
cranial nerve examination 86 craniectomy 94, 96, 98–9, 100, 135 cranioplasty 96, 97
craniotomy 99
cerebral metastasis 143 glioblastoma multiforme 13–15, 19 intracranial abscesses 111 intracranial haemorrhage 199 subdural haematoma 6
temporal lobe epilepsy 49, 50, 51 traumatic brain injury 92, 99 trigeminal neuralgia 141
cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy 51 CT scans
arteriovenous malformations 217–18, 223 cavernous malformations 172, 174
cerebral metastasis 143 colloid cysts 75, 76–7
glioblastoma multiforme 11, 12, 14, 16 gliomas 205, 210
idiopathic intracranial hypertension 69, 70, 72
intracranial abscesses 104, 105, 109 intracranial haemorrhage 189, 190,
191–2, 197
intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36 neurofibromatosis 86
Parkinson’s disease 116, 118 peripheral nerve injury 181 rheumatoid spine disease 150 spondylolisthesis 28 subdural haematoma 1, 2
traumatic brain injury 92, 93, 94, 96–7, 99 Cushing, Harvey 36
cyberknife radiotherapy 38, 89, 175
D
dabigatran 193 Dandy, Walter 173
decompressive craniectomy 96, 98 deep brain stimulation (DBS) 116–22
electrode implantation 121 patient selection 118–19, 120 target selection 119–21
degenerative spondylolisthesis 27 destructive procedures 140
developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) 174 dexamethasone 12
cerebral metastasis 143 glioblastoma multiforme 12, 13
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 155–6
dopamine 115 dopaminergic agonist 115 dorsal lipomas 63
dorsal root entry zone 61 driving licences (UK)
arteriovenous malformations 220–1 traumatic brain injury 100
dura mater 3 dysphasia 11
dysplastic spondylolisthesis 27
E
Ebers Papyrus 221 electric burr 110
electrically-active drug release 56 electroencephalography (EEG) 46–7, 53, 54, 55 electromyography (EMG) 181, 182
|
|
Index |
233 |
ellipsoids 189 |
temporal lobe epilepsy 55 |
|
|
eloquent brain 215 |
vestibular schwannomas 87, 88–9 |
|
|
embryology |
gaze centres 171 |
|
|
arteriovenous malformations 221–2 |
genetic factors |
|
|
lumbosacral lipomas 63 |
arteriovenous malformations 222 |
|
|
emergency management |
cavernous malformations 173–4 |
|
|
arteriovenous malformation 227 |
glioblastoma multiforme 18, 21 |
|
|
cavernous malformation 175 |
gliomas 210 |
|
|
colloid cysts 75 |
neurofibromatosis 85 |
|
|
empty disc space 167 |
Glasgow Coma Score 91 |
|
|
endoscopes |
Gliadel 19–20 |
|
|
colloid cysts 79 |
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 11–21 |
|
|
intracranial haemorrhage 200 |
chemotherapy 19–20 |
|
|
endoscopic trans-sphenoidal removal 130 |
imaging 16–17 |
|
|
endovascular embolization 218–19, 226 |
presentation times 16 |
|
|
ependymomas 34–5, 36 |
prognosis 20–1 |
|
|
epidemiology 2 |
resection 19 |
|
|
epilepsy |
risk factors 18 |
|
|
arteriovenous malformations 224 |
glioblastomas 17–18 |
|
|
cavernous malformations 174 |
gliomas 17, 21, 205–13 |
|
|
traumatic brain injury 100 |
adjuvant therapy 212 |
|
|
see also temporal lobe epilepsy |
histological sub-typing 210 |
|
|
epileptogenic focus 212 |
prognosis 211 |
|
|
expressive dysphasia 11 |
global aphasia 11 |
|
|
external ventricular drain 94 |
globus pallidus interna (GPi) 119–20, 121 |
|
|
F |
glucocorticoids 156 |
|
|
Goel–Harms procedure 155 |
|
||
Falconer, Murray 55 |
Great Ormond Street Hospital 65 |
|
|
family history |
growth hormone 125, 127, 129 |
|
|
cavernous malformations 171 |
growth hormone receptor antagonists 131 |
|
|
colloid cysts 75, 78 |
H |
|
|
intramedullary spinal chord tumours 38 |
|
|
|
trigeminal neuralgia 136 |
haemangioblastomas 38, 39 |
|
|
febrile seizures 44 |
haematoma |
|
|
FLAIR MR scans 103, 106 |
see subdural haematoma |
|
|
fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) |
haemolytic streptococci 104 |
|
|
sequence |
headache as a symptom 78 |
|
|
glioblastoma multiforme 16, 17 |
hearing loss 83, 85 |
|
|
gliomas 210, 211, 213 |
hemicraniectomy 200 |
|
|
fluoroscopy 136 |
hemisphere dominance 11, 48 |
|
|
fractionated radiotherapy 88, 89 |
heterotopic ossification 168 |
|
|
fresh-frozen plasma 196 |
high-resolution ultrasound 181 |
|
|
Frisen, Lars 75 |
hippocampal sclerosis 51–2 |
|
|
frontal eye fields 190 |
Horsley, Victor 55 |
|
|
functional MRI (fMRI) 48, 54, 208 |
House–Brackmann classification 109–10 |
|
|
fundoscopy 75 |
hydrocephalus 36, 78 |
|
|
G |
hyperventilation |
91 |
|
I |
|
|
|
gabapentin 135 |
|
|
|
Gallie fusion 154 |
ictal onset zone |
45 |
|
gamma knife radiosurgery |
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) 69–73 |
|
|
arteriovenous malformations 219 |
conservative management 72 |
|
|
cavernous malformations 175 |
diagnosis 70, 71–2 |
|
234 Index
ignition hypothesis (trigeminal neuralgia) 138, 139
image guidance systems 56, 109 infratentorial intracranial haemorrhage 201 infratentorial lesions 173
interlaminar clamps 154 International League Against Epilepsy
(ILAE) 43 intra-operative monitoring
glioblastoma multiforme 14, 17, 19 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 34,
37
intracerebral clots 191 intracranial abscesses 103–12
aetiology 110 formation 105 infection routes 111
intracranial haemorrhage 189–201 causes/risk factors 193 estimation of volume 189
intracranial pressure (ICP) 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 97, 98, 99
intracranial venous sinus stents 73 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 33–9
evidence base for surgery 38 presentation 36
ischaemic penumbra 197 iso-hyperintense lesions 12 isthmic spondylolisthesis 27
J
Jacksonian march 43
Jaques catheter 5
K
Karnofsky performance scale 13, 14, 20 Knosp classification 127
kyphosis 164, 165, 168
L
lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio 93, 94 laminectomy 163, 165 laminoplasty 165–6
language hemisphere dominance 11, 48 lanreotide 131
lesional surgery 121–2
linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery 89 lobar haemorrhage 200
local anaesthetic 5 lordosis 27, 163, 164
lumbar peritoneal shunts 71, 72 lumbar spine surgery 24 lumbosacral lipomas 59–66
anatomy 62–3 classification 63 epidemiology 63
neurological deterioration 64–5 lumbosacral vertebral slip 26 lung cancer 146, 147
M
Macewen, William 110, 192 mastoidectomies 110, 111, 112 mastoiditis 103, 112 McKissock, Wylie 198
mean arterial pressure (MAP) 93 melanoma 147
metastasis
see cerebral metastasis methotrexate 149 methylation 20 metronidazole 112 Meyer’s loop 50 micro-aneurysms 194 microdialysis 99 microsurgery
arteriovenous malformations 224 colloid cysts 79
vestibular schwannomas 88 microvascular decompression (MVD) 135,
137, 140–1
middle cranial fossa surgery 87, 88 mini-craniotomy 143
Modified Dandy Criteria 70 monoamine oxidase inhibitors 115 MR imaging (MRI)
arteriovenous malformations 220 cavernous malformations 172, 173, 174 cerebral metastasis 143
cervical spondylotic myelopathy 161 colloid cysts 75
glioblastoma multiforme 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 gliomas 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 70, 72 intracranial abscesses 103, 107, 108 intracranial haemorrhage 197 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 35,
36
lumbosacral lipomas 59–60 neurofibromatosis 83, 84, 86 Parkinson’s disease 116–17 peripheral nerve injury 180, 181 pituitary macroadenoma 126, 127,
129, 130
rheumatoid spine disease 150, 151 spondylolisthesis 24
|
Index |
235 |
temporal lobe epilepsy 45–6, 48, 53–4 |
‘occlusive hyperaemia’ hypothesis 227 |
|
traumatic brain injury 93, 96, 99 |
octreotide 131 |
|
trigeminal neuralgia 135, 136 |
oligoastrocytomas 209, 210 |
|
MR spectroscopy |
oligodendrogliomas 209, 210 |
|
glioblastoma multiforme 16–17 |
Ommoya reservoir 109 |
|
gliomas 208, 209, 211 |
open biopsy 206 |
|
MR venography (MRV) 103 |
opthalmology 72 |
|
MR-directed image guidance 14 |
optogenetics 56, 122 |
|
multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) |
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) 24 |
|
cavernous malformations 171 |
P |
|
glioblastoma multiforme 13 |
|
|
idiopathic intracranial hypertension 73 |
Pang, Dachling 63 |
|
Parkinson’s disease 115, 118 |
papilloedema staging 75 |
|
temporal lobe epilepsy 53 |
Parkinson’s disease 115–22 |
|
multimodality approach 227 |
pharmacological agents 115 |
|
muscle transfer 185 |
see also deep brain stimulation |
|
Myelopathy Disability Index (MDI) 150 |
pathological spondylolisthesis 27 |
|
N |
pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) 120 |
|
Penfield, Wilder 55 |
|
|
National Institute for Health and Clinical |
penicillin 111 |
|
Excellence (NICE) (UK) 130 |
percutaneous balloon compression |
|
Neck Disability Index (NDI) 150 |
(PBC) 135, 138–9, 140 |
|
neoplasms 192 |
percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy (PGR) 140 |
|
nerve conduction studies 181, 182 |
percutaneous thermal rhizotomy (PTR) 140 |
|
nerve repair 185 |
perfusion MRI 205 |
|
nerve sheath tumours 84 |
pergvisomant 131 |
|
nerve transfer 185 |
perifocal oedema 106 |
|
neurapraxia 179, 181 |
peripheral nerve injury 177–86 |
|
neuro-rehabilitation |
clinical examination 179 |
|
peripheral nerve injury 185, 186 |
rehabilitation 185 |
|
traumatic brain injury 96 |
symptoms 177 |
|
neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) 83, 85, 89 |
pituitary macroadenoma 125–31 |
|
see also vestibular schwannomas |
incidence 128 |
|
neurolysis 185 |
remission criteria 129 |
|
neuromodulation 56 |
symptoms 125 |
|
neurotmesis 179, 181 |
polyaxial screws 155, 158 |
|
nidus 220, 222, 223, 226 |
post-ganglionic lesions 184 |
|
nocardia 112 |
post-traumatic seizures 100 |
|
non-operative/non-surgical management |
posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) 29 |
|
intracranial abscesses 111–12 |
posterior subluxation 154 |
|
intracranial haemorrhage 198–9 |
posterolateral fusion (PLF) 30 |
|
spondylolisthesis 23, 25, 30 |
power grading of muscles (MRC) 178 |
|
subdural haematoma 6 |
preganglionic avulsion lesions 184 |
|
see also conservative management |
primary intracerebral haematoma 192, |
|
non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) 156 |
193–4 |
|
rheumatoid spine disease 149, 156 |
procarbazine carvincrisitine vincrisitine |
|
spondylolisthesis 23 |
(PCV) 211, 212 |
|
‘normal perfusion pressure breakthrough’ |
prothrombin complex concentrate 196 |
|
hypothesis 227 |
Pseudomonas 104 |
|
O |
pulse reactivity index (PRx) 93, 95 |
|
Q |
|
|
Obersteiner–Redlich zone 85, 138 |
|
|
occipito cervical fixation (OCF) 156–7, 158 |
quantitative sensory testing (QST) 181, 183 |
|
236 Index
R
radiosurgery/radiotherapy cerebral metastasis 145, 146
glioblastoma multiforme 15, 19, 20, 21 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36,
37, 38
pituitary macroadenoma 131 temporal lobe epilepsy 55 vestibular schwannomas 87, 88–9
Radiosurgery or Open Surgery for Epilepsy (ROSE) trial 55
Ranawat classes 149–50 randomized control trials (RCTs)
glioblastoma multiforme 19–20 Parkinson’s disease 119 spondylolisthesis 23
temporal lobe epilepsy 55 rebleeding
arteriovenous malformations 221 cavernous malformations 173, 174, 175 subdural haematoma 4
receptive dysphasia 11 refractory epilepsy 45 resection 19
colloid cysts 79
glioblastoma multiforme 18–20 gliomas 211, 212, 213
intramedullary spinal chord tumours 34, 37
temporal lobe epilepsy 49–51 retrosigmoid transmeatal surgery 87–8 rheumatoid spine disease 149–58
pathologies 153–4
peri-operative morbidity/mortality 155 root avulsion 183
S
sagittal balance 164
secondary intracerebral haematoma 192 septic work up 103
signal change 161
signal loss during surgery 37 simple partial seizures (SPS) 43–4 somatosensory-evoked potentials
(SSEPs) 181 somatostatin analogues 131 Sonowand 14 space-occupying lesions 12 speech mapping 207 Spencer technique 55
Spetzler–Martin classification 215–16, 224 spinal cavernomas 38
spinal fixation
intramedullary tumours 38 rheumatoid spine disease 153
spinal lipomas
see lumbosacral lipomas spondylolisthesis 23–30
classification 27 non-operative/conservative treatment 23,
28–9, 30
outcome measures 24 spondylolysis 27, 28 spondylotic myelopathy
see cervical spondylotic myelopathy staged embolization 218–19
‘steal’ phenomena 224 stereotactic aspiration colloid cysts 78, 79
intracranial abscesses 112 intracranial haemorrhage 199–200
stereotactic biopsy 206 stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
arteriovenous malformations 219, 220, 225–6
cavernous malformations 175 cerebral metastasis 146 pituitary macroadenoma 131 trigeminal neuralgia 140 vestibular schwannomas 88, 89
steroids
cerebral metastasis 146
idiopathic intracranial hypertension 72 intracranial abscesses 103, 111 subdural haematoma 6
‘stun’ phenomenon 117, 118 subcortical electrical mapping 212 subdural drains 8
subdural haematoma 1–8, 92 anticoagulation 6–7 epidemiology 2
fluid drainage 8 non-operative management 6 pathogenesis 3–4
surgical treatment 4–6 subthalamic nucleus (STN) 116, 119 supratentorial surgery 200
surgical decision making 163 surveillance imaging 205 survival times
cerebral metastasis 146 glioblastoma multiforme 19–21 intracranial haemorrhage 194 lumbosacral lipomas 65
symptomatic static/progressive lipomas 66
T
temozolomide
glioblastoma multiforme 15, 21 gliomas 211, 212
temporal lobe abscesses 110 temporal lobe epilepsy 43–56
imaging 53–4 resection 49–51 temporal lobectomy 55
tethered cord syndrome 60 thalamus 120
timing of surgery
cavernous malformations 175 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 37 traumatic brain injury 100
Tinel’s sign 179
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 4 Todd’s paresis 43
topiramate 72 tractography 212
transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) 29
transitional lipomas 63 translabyrinthine surgery 87, 88 transverse sinus stenosis 72 traumatic brain injury 91–100
prognostic modelling 97–8 traumatic spondylolisthesis 27 trigeminal ganglion 140 trigeminal neuralgia 135–41
diagnosis 136–8 imaging 139 pathogenesis 138–9
surgical treatment 139–40 twist drill craniostomy (TDC) 5 two-point method (cavernous malformations) 175
two-sucker technique (pituitary macroadenoma) 127
U
ultrasound
glioblastoma multiforme 14 gliomas 212
Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale 116
Index |
237 |
V
vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) 55–6 vascular conflict theory 138–9
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) cerebral metastasis 146
glioblastoma multiforme 12 subdural haematoma 4
vascular intramedullary tumours 38, 39 vasogenic oedema 12 ventriculo-peritoneal shunts 72 vertical translocation 154
vestibular schwannomas 83–9 conservative management 87 diagnosis 83
genetics 85 presentation 86
visual analogue for pain scale (VAS) 24 visual field deficit 54
vitamin K 1 vitamin K1 196
Von Hippel–Lindau disease 39
W
Wada test 48 warfarin
intracranial haemorrhage 193, 196 subdural haematoma 6–7
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 54 WHO classification
astrocytomas 16, 209 colloid cysts 77 ependymomas 34–5 nerve sheath tumours 84
Wiltse paraspinal approach 25
X
X-rays
intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36
rheumatoid spine disease 152 spondylolisthesis 25 trigeminal neuralgia 135, 136