2. The subjunctive mood (Воронцова)

English has three moods: indicative (I am here), imperative (Be here), and subjunctive (if I were here, I wish that he were here, I demand that he be here). It expresses conditionality not with a mood (that is, not inflectionally) but rather periphrastically using the modal auxiliary verb would.

The category of mood in English is the most controversial verbal category and has given rise to much dispute. There is no universally accepted classification of moods, their number varies from as many as sixteen (M. Deutschbein) to practically no mood at all (L. S. Barkhudarov).

The category of mood expresses the character of connections between the process denoted by the verb and actual reality, in other words, it shows whether the action is real or unreal.

This category is realized through the opposition of the direct (indicative) mood forms of the verb and the oblique mood forms.

The indicative mood shows that the process is real, i.e. that it took place in the past, takes place in the present, or will take place in the future, e.g.: She helped me; She helps me; She will help me; the oblique mood shows that the process is unreal, imaginary (hypothetical, possible or impossible, desired, etc.), e.g.: If only she helped me! In this respect the category of mood resembles the category of voice: it shows the speaker’s subjective interpretation of the event as either actual or imaginary.

Since all the oblique mood types share a common functional basis, the meaning of unreality, they may be terminologically united as subjunctive; and then several types of the subjunctive can be distinguished according to the form of expression and the various shades of unreality expressed.

Subjunctive I (spective) Form: bare infinitive (imperfect) Meaning: attitudes Example: Be it so!	Subjunctive II (stipulative conditional) Form: the past (imperfect or perfect) Meaning: unreal condition Example: If she tried…
Subjunctive IV (modal spective) Form: modal verbs + bare infinitive (imperfect or perfect) Meaning: attitudes Example: May it be so!	Subjunctive III (consective conditional) Form: future-in-the-past (imperfect or perfect) Meaning: consequence of unreal condition Example: … she would manage it.

The optative mood (abbreviated OPT) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope. It is similar to the cohortative mood, and closely related to the subjunctive mood.

English has no morphological optative, but there are various constructions with optative meaning. One uses the modal verb may, e.g. May you have a long life! Another uses the phrase if only with a verb in the past or past subjunctive, e.g. If only I were rich! Another uses the present subjunctive, e.g. God save the Queen!

The imperative mood (abbreviated IMP) expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.

Formulation of the English imperative simply uses the bare infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive form usually corresponds to the second-person present indicative form, with the exception of the verb be. The subject of these sentences is usually understood as you (the second person) except in the case of "Let's" which implies first person and at least a second person.

The use of the imperative mood may be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances.[1] Commonly, polite speech will instead express the same thing as a question or statement, such as:

• Could you come here for a moment?

• I beg you to stop.

• It would be great if you made us a drink.

and not as demands, such as:

• Come here.

• Stop!

• Go and make me a drink.

In English, the imperative mood uses the same word order as the indicative mood, while the prohibitive mood uses a different word order if you appears in the sentence.

		Indicative		Imperative / Prohibitive
				−you	+you
				do		will
Affirmative		You go.		Go!	You go!	You will go!
Negative	not		You do not go.	Do not go!	-	You will not go!
	-n't		You don't go.	Don't go!	Don't you go!	You won't go!

In linguistics, a desiderative form is one that has the meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation.

The infinitive (nonpersonal, generalizing) is sometimes considered an example of mood, as are phrases formed with the auxiliaries may, might, can, and could (termed the potential mood); should and would (conditional); and must and ought (obligative).

In grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.

The subjunctive in Modern English occurs in a variety of contexts in which the form of the verb used is different from what it normally would be, given the implied time of the action. Regardless of the subject, the form of the present subjunctive verb used to express present or past desires and the like in that clauses is the bare form of the infinitive (not preceded by "to"). Hence, the present subjunctive of "to go" is "I go", "you go", "he/she/it go", "we go", "they go". For instance: "It was required that he go to the back of the line" (compared with the past indicative "Everyone knows that he went to the back of the line"); and "It is required that he go to the back of the line" (compared with the present indicative "Everyone knows that he goes to the back of the line").

Speculative mood is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the utterance is based on speculation of the speaker, and not actually known to be the case.

For example, "The butler could have been the killer."

Irrealis moods are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened as the speaker is talking.

Presumptive mood Based on

• presumption, probability, conjecture, hypothesis or belief

By late May, he was already considered his party's presumptive nominee.

• making presumptions; behaving as one who presumes, who assumes that which they perhaps shouldn't.

Forgive me for being presumptive, but aren't you and Mark engaged?

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