- •Contents
- •Editor’s Foreword
- •Introductory Remarks
- •Texts Cited
- •introduction
- •1. Four Questions about Political Philosophy
- •2. Four Roles of Political Philosophy
- •3. Main Ideas of Liberalism: Its Origins and Content
- •4. A Central Thesis of Liberalism
- •5. Initial Situations
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Hobbes’s Secular Moralism
- •3. Interpretations of the State of Nature and the Social Contract
- •1. Preliminary Remarks
- •2. Main Features of Human Nature
- •3. The Argument for Hobbes’s Thesis
- •1. The Reasonable and the Rational
- •2. The Rational Basis of the Reasonable Articles of Civic Concord
- •Liberty
- •Justice
- •Sovereign and Sovereign’s Powers
- •Laws of Nature
- •Content of Laws of Nature
- •1. Introductory Remarks
- •2. The Meaning of Natural Law
- •3. The Fundamental Law of Nature
- •4. The State of Nature as a State of Equality
- •5. The Content of the Fundamental Law of Nature
- •6. The Fundamental Law of Nature as the Basis of Natural Rights
- •1. Resistance under a Mixed Constitution
- •2. Locke’s Fundamental Thesis concerning Legitimacy
- •3. Locke’s Criterion for a Legitimate Political Regime
- •4. The Political Obligation for Individuals
- •5. Constituent Power and the Dissolution of Government
- •1. Problem Stated
- •2. Background of the Question
- •3. Locke’s Reply to Filmer: I: Chapter 4
- •4. Locke’s Reply to Filmer: II: Chapter 5
- •5. Problem of the Class State
- •6. A Just-So Story of the Origin of the Class State
- •1. Introductory Remarks
- •2. Hume’s Critique of Locke’s Social Contract
- •1. Remarks on the Principle of Utility
- •3. The Judicious Spectator
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The Stages of History before Political Society
- •3. The Stage of Civil Society and of Political Authority
- •4. The Relevance for the Social Contract
- •1. Contra Original Sin
- •2. Rousseau contra Hobbes: Further Meaning of Natural Goodness—as Premise of Social Theory
- •3. The Possibilities of a Well-Regulated Society
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The Social Compact
- •3. The General Will
- •1. The Point of View of the General Will
- •2. The General Will: The Rule of Law, Justice, and Equality
- •3. The General Will and Moral and Civil Freedom
- •4. The General Will and Stability
- •5. Freedom and the Social Compact
- •6. Rousseau’s Ideas on Equality: In What Way Distinctive?
- •1. Introductory Remarks: J. S. Mill (1806–1873)
- •2. One Way to Read Mill’s Utilitarianism
- •3. Happiness as the Ultimate End
- •4. The Decided Preference Criterion
- •5. Further Comments on the Decided Preference Criterion
- •6. Mill’s Underlying Psychology
- •1. Our Approach to Mill
- •2. Mill’s Account of Justice
- •3. The Place of Justice in Morality
- •4. Features of Moral Rights in Mill
- •5. Mill’s Two-Part Criterion
- •6. The Desire to Be in Unity with Others
- •1. The Problem of On Liberty (1859)
- •2. Some Preliminary Points about Mill’s Principle
- •3. Mill’s Principle of Liberty Stated
- •4. On Natural (Abstract) Right
- •Conclusion
- •1. Introduction
- •2. The Framework of Mill’s Doctrine
- •3. The First Two Permanent Interests of Humankind
- •4. Two Other Permanent Interests
- •5. Relation to the Decided Preference Criterion
- •6. Relation to Individuality
- •7. The Place of Perfectionist Values
- •1. Preliminary Remarks
- •2. Features of Capitalism as a Social System
- •3. The Labor Theory of Value
- •1. A Paradox in Marx’s Views of Justice
- •2. Justice as a Juridical Conception
- •3. That Marx Condemns Capitalism as Unjust
- •4. Relation to Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution
- •5. The Allocative and Distributive Role of Prices
- •1. Are Marx’s Ideas about Justice Consistent?
- •2. Why Marx Does Not Discuss Ideas of Justice Explicitly
- •3. Disappearance of Ideological Consciousness
- •4. A Society without Alienation
- •5. Absence of Exploitation
- •6. Full Communism: First Defect of Socialism Overcome
- •7. Full Communism: Division of Labor Overcome
- •8. Is the Higher Phase of Communism a Society Beyond Justice?
- •Concluding Remarks
- •1. Preliminary Remarks
- •2. The Structure and Argument of The Methods of Ethics
- •1. Sidgwick’s Account of Justice
- •2. Statement of the Classical Principle of Utility
- •3. Some Comments about Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility (IP-Comparisons)
- •4. Some Features of the Principle of Utility as the First Principle of a Rational Method of Ethics
- •5. Sidgwick’s Critique of Natural Freedom as an Illustration
- •1. Introduction to Utilitarianism
- •2. The Statement of the Classical Principle of Utility (Sidgwick)
- •3. Points about Interpersonal Comparisons
- •4. Philosophical Constraints on a Satisfactory Measure of Interpersonal Comparisons
- •5. Some Points Regarding Greatest Numbers and Happiness and Maximizing Total vs. Average Utility
- •6. Concluding Remarks
- •1. Introduction: Life (1692–1752), Works, and Aims
- •2. Butler’s Opponents
- •3. The Moral Constitution of Human Nature
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Features of Our Moral Faculty
- •3. Outline of Butler’s Arguments for Conscience’s Authority: Sermon II
- •4. Summary of Butler’s Argument for the Authority of Conscience
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Butler’s Method
- •3. Role of Compassion: As Part of Our Social Nature
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Butler’s Argument contra Hedonistic Egoism
- •1. Introduction
- •3. Some Principles of Butler’s Moral Psychology
- •Index
h o b b e s
Sovereign determines liberties of silence: 173, 228
Sovereign determines what is to be obeyed as divine law: 226ff (when not contrary to moral law 226)
4. Office and Duties of Sovereign
Sovereign bound by Laws of Nature: 158, 173, 182, 244, 262, 270, 199 Sovereign cannot treat subjects unjustly nor do them injury: 144, 146,
173, 178
. . . but can do them iniquity: 146, 199
. . . and may err in equity: 219
Duty of Sovereign to make good laws: 262, 271ff, 275f
Good laws what: 271ff, cf. Def good and evil: 15, 53f, 131f, 253f; and 46
Making law rational faculty of commonwealth: 259, 23, 214 Sovereign via civil law is judge of good and evil: 253, 259
End of Sovereign’s laws safety of the people: 262, and by general providence: 267
Good of Sovereign and People cannot be separated: 272
Sovereign fit arbitrator: as agreed upon in Social Contract: 194; cf. 129, 46, 274
Laws of Nature
0.Def. Law of Nature = precept or rule, found out by reason by which forbidden to do that destructive of our life etc: 14:3
1.Laws of Nature dictate peace for the means of the conservation of men in multitudes. I:15:25 (S. 130)
2.These laws summed up: Do not do to another etc. I:15:26
3.Laws of Nature bind in foro interno to a desire they should be followed: I:15:27–28
4.Science of Laws of Nature is the true and only moral phil: I:15:30
5.Laws of Nature are improperly so-called, being but conclusions concerning what conduces to our conservation: 15:30
Content of Laws of Nature
1. 1st and 2nd Laws: (i) to seek peace and follow it, (ii) to lay down one’s right subject to rule reciprocity. These branches of general rule to endeavor peace: 14:6–7
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Appendix: Hobbes Index
2.3rd Law: to perform covenants made: 15:1–3 Def. covenant and their validity: 14:12–29; 15:3 Justice: 15:1–9
Reply to Fool: 15:4
3.4th–10th Law: injunction to virtues and dispositions of sociable reasonable association: 15:10–18
4.11th–19th Laws: Precepts of Equity and Natural Justice: 15:17–25
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Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College
locke
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College