Раздел II. НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕСКАЗА

Общие задания к текстам:

10. Используя полученный материал, подготовить пересказ нового, более полного по информацииОБРАЗЕЦтекста. БОТЫ Н ТЕКСТОМ

Опорная схема материала позволяет связно, логично и без пропусков воссоздать текст. Такая схема являетсяДфреймом − опорной схемой двойной структуры, включающей в себя как постоянную (константную) часть содержания текста, так и переменную, факультативную, которую можно замещать эквивалентными компонентами.

При построения опорных схем нужно учитывать следующие типы взаимосвязи понятий: гипонимия (родовидовые отношения слов), гетеронимия (отношение целого и его частей), внешняя метонимия (отношения между словами, обозначающими разные денотаты, связанные предикативной связью в рамках речевой ситуации), синонимы (слова одной части речи, различающиеся оттенками значения или стилистической окраской), дублеты (слова, объем

Процесс построения логической опорной схемы текста позволяет выявить богатую пресуппозицию текста и оценить характеристики представленной в нем информации.

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Приведем примеры такой работы:

Больницы и морги переполнены, чрезвычайные службы не справляются с наплывом пострадавших... Крупнейшие города мира, обычно такие оживленные, замирают. Предприятия лишаются четверти рабочей силы – люди болеют. Общественный транспорт прекращает работу. Это не научная фантастика – такой сценарий развития событий предсказывается на основе

Сэкономике будет нанесен страшный удар, общество погрузится в хаос». Школы закрыты. Со рания людей запрещены. Все это – меры по

данных последних исследований. По мнению ученых, пандемия практически неизбежна.

Такие картины показывает новый фильм «Пандемия», снятый в жанре «докудрамы», когда предполагаемые события излагаются так, будто они

происходят в самом деле. Авторами фильма выступила корпорация BBC.

« чет смертным случаям в мире пойдет на миллионы; глобальной

сдерживан ю болезни, которую сдержать уже не удается…

Информация характеризуется недостаточностью.

Для документального драматического фильма мало ссылок на исследования ученых и чётко сформулированных причин и прогнозов. А ведь причиной могло

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быть все, что угодно: употребление нового опасного наркотика, радиация, теракт, массовое заражение каким-либо заболеванием, мутации.

Вывод:

Я считаю, что информация, представленная в тексте, характеризуется недостаточностью, так как в тексте не указаны причины возникновения пандемии, коими могут быть: катастрофы мирового масштаба или

Снездоровый образ жизни, который ведет большая часть человечества. Также

в тексте не хватает описания мер борьбы с пандемией, нет ни слова о вакцине. В итоге, текст не является логически выстроенным, имеют место быть повторы, повествование прыгает от одной подтемы к другой.

Работа по составлен ю опорных схем помогает, кроме того, надежно и эффективноусво ть нформацию, например:

Highway engineering faculty

The students of the faculty are trained in the following qualifications: a) operationбАand maintenance of automobile roads,

b) construction of bridges, tunnels and air fields.

They also concern township roads (city streets).

a) The students study a classification of roads, the structure of a highway. Any highway engineer knows the following classification roads: state, federal, regional, country and city roads and streets.

As far as the road design is concerned, it consists of the subgrade, subbase and pavement. Subgrade is the foundation of the road. Subbase is the middle layer of the road. It is made of gravel, crushed stone or different mixtures. Between subgrade and subbbase there is drainage layer, which is usually made of sand. The upper layer of the road is pavement, made of asphaltconcrete or cement-concrete.

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING FACULTY

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ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АНАЛИЗА И ПЕРЕСКАЗА

Text 10. The Universe

There are billions of stars in the universe. Stars are massive, energy-filled globes of fiery gases. The force of gravity holds these gases together. At a star's core, atoms of

Сthat the universe formed from a tiny, dense, intensely hot center. The young universe began to expand rapidly and, within minutes, tiny particles of matter formed. Over millions of years this matter began to cluster together and develop into the first galaxies. The Universe contains everything that exists – not only the Earth and

hydrogen join together to form helium in a process called nuclear fusion. The energy

generated by this process produces a star's heat and light. Collections of stars are called galaxies, and each galaxy contains many different types of stars. Most scientists believe that the universe was born 15 billion years ago in a colossal

explosion called the big bang. No one knows exactly what happened but it is thought

everythingиon it, but also all the planets, stars, and galaxies, and the space in between them. The sun, at the center of the solar system, is just one of about 100 billion stars in our galaxy, or collection of stars, called the Milky Way. Astronomers have estimated that there are about 100 billion other galaxies in the universe. Most scientists think that the universe formed about 15 billion years ago in an enormous explosion called the big bang. They also think that the universe is expanding.

1. Продолжите предложение: the universe is…

2. Определите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста.

A) The universe was formed about fifteen billion years ago in an enormous explosion.

B)Atoms of helium join together to form in a process called nuclear fusion.

C)The young universe began to expand rapidly from a tiny star.

D)It is known that the universe formed from a tiny, dense, intensely hot center.

3. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствуетИсодержанию текста.

A)The big bang is a colossal explosion.

B)The sun is a one of the stars in the Milky Way.

C)A star's heat and light is produced due to the energy generated by the nuclear fusion.

D)The first galaxies appeared within minutes.

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4. Дополните таблицу по памяти:

5. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: The sun, at the center of the solar system, is just one of about 100 billion stars in our galaxy, or collection of stars, called the Milky Way.

А) The book under review covers such points as...

B)One of the most interesting question is that…

C)The theory belongs to…

D)The author emphasizes the fact that…

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6. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author determines the nature of...

А) They also think that the universe is expanding.

B) Stars are massive, energy-filled globes of fiery gases.

C) At a star's core, atoms of hydrogen join together to form helium in a process called nuclear fusion.

СРасскажите, какая новая нформация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем

D) The young universe began to expand rapidly and, within minutes, tiny particles

of matter formed.

7. Изучите данное в део: https://youtu.be/mO3Q4bRQZ3khttps://youtu.be/WYQ3O8U6SMY.

представлена. Включ те новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 11. The solar system

The sun and the eight planets in orbit around it make up the solar system. The eight planets, which are drawn to the sun by its gravity, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The sun is the heaviest of these bodies. The Earth is one of eight planets that travel around the sun in the solar system. Of these planets, the Earth is the third nearest the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. About 5 billion years ago, a cloud of gas and dust began to condense into a solid

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) The sun travels around the Earth in the solar system. B) The Earth was born as a cloud of cold gas and dust. C) The planets are drawn to the sun by its gravity.

D) Rocks were melted by radioactivity.

3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) The sun is the heaviest body in the solar system. B) The Earth is the only planet known to support life.

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C)The Earth appeared about 5 billion years ago.

D)The eight planets are drawn to each other by gravity.

4. Дополните таблицу по памяти:

6. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: Besides that in the article we may find information about…

А) The sun is the heaviest of these bodies.

B) About 5 billion years ago, a cloud of gas and dust began to condense into a solid mass – the young Earth.

C) The sun and the eight planets in orbit around it make up the solar system. D) Heavy metals collected at the center and rocks floated near the surface.

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Text 12. Biosphere

The part of the Earth and its atmosphere that can support living organisms is called the biosphere. This consists of the air and land, as well as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Organisms usually live alongside other members of the same species to form a population. Lots of different populations share the same habitat. Together, they all form a community. The members of a community constantly react with one another and their environment, creating a balanced, living system called an ecosystem, such as an ocean or a rain forest. The study of all these interactions is called ecology.

3. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: The part of the Earth and its atmosphere that can support living organisms is called the biosphere.

А) The introduction is to tell us that….

B)The main idea of the article is…

C)The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on…

D)At the beginning of the novel the author describes…

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4. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: Lots of different populations share the same habitat.

А) The writer attracts our attention to the main idea… B) In addition to his analyses the author tells us about….. C) The author gives us some information about…

D) In examining the problem the author points out that…

Text 13. Human influences

Of all species, humans have the greatest effect on the environment. Some of our

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следующей модели аннот рования: In the opinion of the author…

А) We also damage the environment by polluting the land, the air, and oceans, rivers, and lakes.

B) Of all species, humans have the greatest effect on the environment.

C) One of the causes of over-activity is the sheer number of people in the world. D) The balance of nature is upset by activities such as overfishing, overhunting,

Text 14. The earth's cycles

Life on Earth depends on a number of different cycles. The energy flow starts when light energy is trapped by green plants when they make their own food by photosynthesis. For this reason they are called the world'sИproducers. The energy in plants is passed on when they are eaten by herbivores, which are the primary (firstlevel) consumers. Carnivores, the secondary consumers, obtain their energy by eating herbivores. Every time energy is passed on, some is lost as heat and in undigested matter. Dead organisms provide energy for the decomposers (fungi and bacteria).

1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A)The energy flow starts when green plants make their own food by photosynthesis.

B)Herbivores are called the world's producers.

C)The primary consumers obtain their energy by eating the secondary consumers.

D)Dead organisms are called decomposers.

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2. Сопоставьте перевод предложений из текста с полученным вами. Где необходимо, уточните перевод:

По этой причине их называют мировыми производителями.

Энергия растений передается дальше, когда их поедают травоядные, которые являются первичными (первого уровня) потребителями.

Всякий раз при передаче энергии некоторая ее часть теряется в виде тепла и непереваренных веществ.

3. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: The energy flow starts when light energy is trapped by green

А) Life on Earth depends on a number of different cycles.

B) Dead organisms provide energy for the decomposers (fungi and bacteria).

C) The energy in plants is passed on when they are eaten by herbivores, which are

the primary (first-level) consumers.

D) Carnivores, the secondary consumers, obtain their energy by eating herbivores.

Our planet, the Earth, is the home of hundreds of thousands of living creatures. Life has permeated everywhere. It has ascended to the tops of the highest mountains,

Text 15. OurДplanet the Earth

where there is hardly any air, and has hidden beneath the expanses of the oceans, reconciling itself to the tremendous pressures exerted by the waters. Life has come to the hot, arid deserts and to the eternal ice of the Arctic. Living creatures have adapted

1. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A)Life has ascended to the tops of the highest mountains.

B)Life has come to the deserts and to the Arctic.

C)Living organisms have adapted themselves to various conditions.

D)Living organisms can live even without food.

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2. Переведите словосочетания и составьте с ними предложения:

проникла всюду; жаркие безводные пустыни и вечные льды арктических областей;

приспособилась к отсутствию кислорода; находить пищу, распределять ее по всему телу, осуществлять обмен веществ,

уметь ориентироваться в привычной для них обстановке и обзаводиться потомством.

3. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Our planet, the Earth, is the home of hundreds of thousands of

C) Life has come to the hot, arid deserts and to the eternal ice of the Arctic.

D) They also need to feel at home in their environment and start families to ensure the survival of the species.

Text 16.ДNikola Tesla

The Croatian-born American inventor Nicola Tesla patented an electricitygenerating and distribution system that transmitted alternating current (AC). He developed and applied many other important ideas in the fields of electricity and radio. The Tesla coil, an induction coil he invented, isИused in radio technology and operates at every high frequencies. Tesla worked briefly for the American inventor Thomas Edison (1847-1931), but they fell out because they disagreed about the best form of electric current to use for large-scale supply. In the end, Tesla's alternating current system was favored over Edison's direct current (DC) system.

1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, Nicola Tesla invented…

A)transmitted alternating current.

B)an induction coil.

C)direct current system.

D)radio technology.

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2. Дополните таблицу по памяти:

an electricity-generating and distribution system that transmitted alternating current (AC).

А) The author thinks that...

B) The article is devoted to the problem of…

C) In summing up the author…

D) At the beginning of the text the author describes smb…

4. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью

бА

Text 17. Dmitry Mendeleyev

The Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev is regarded as the father of the periodic table of chemical elements. He studied all the elements known at the time and discovered that they showed a regular repetition of properties when arranged in a certain order. He also predicted the discovery and properties of new elements. All of these have now been isolated and named; one, mendelevium, is named for Mendeleyev. Mendeleyev also experimented with agricultural production based on scientific principles, increasing its efficiency to such an extent that his methods came to be applied in many Russian industries.

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3.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Mendeleyev also experimented with agricultural production based on scientific principles, increasing its efficiency to such an extent that his methods came to be applied in many Russian industries.

А) The author starts by telling the reader about…

B)Finally, the author suggests…

C)The author summarize that...

D)In conclusion the author says that…

4.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author mentions, that…

А) The Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev is regarded as the father of the periodic table of chemical elements.

B)All of these have now been isolated and named; one, mendelevium, is named for Mendeleyev.

C)He also predicted the discovery and properties of new elements.

D)He studied all the elements known at the time and discovered that they showed a regular repetition of properties when arranged in a certain order.И

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5. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/fPnwBITSmgU. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 18. Marie Curie

Polish-born physicist Marie Curie and her French husband Pierre are famous for their work on radioactivity. They were inspired by the work of the French physicist Henri Becquerel (1852-1908). Marie Curie was the first to use the term "radioactive" for substances that have considerable electromagnetic activity. She also isolated two

2. Дополните таблицу по памяти:

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3. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: She continued her research, looking for medical uses for radioactivity.

А) The author warns that…

B) The author takes into account… C) He calls attention to the fact that…

СD) The author applies for…

4. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью

следующей модели аннот рования: The author emphasizes the fact that…

А) Marie Curie was the first to use the term "radioactive" for substances that have

considerable electromagnetic activity.

C)иShe also isolated two new radioactive elements, polonium and radium.

B) After Pierre's death, she took over his job as professor of physics at the

University of Paris, the first woman to teach there.

D) She was awardedбАthe Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 and for chemistry in 1911.

5. Изуч те данное в део: https://youtu.be/w6JFRi0Qm_s. Расскажите,

какая новая нформация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включ те новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 19. Galileo Galilei

The work of Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (known as Galileo) revolutionized astronomy. Galileo developed the telescopeДand made important discoveries about the planets and the sun. His observations confirmed the work of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) who believed that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. This finding went against the Church's teaching that the Earth is the center of the universe, and the Church punished Galileo. Galileo suggested the use of the pendulum in clocks and also discoveredИan important principle about gravity that the rate at which an object falls is not related to its weight.

1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A)Galileo observations were important.

B)Galileo discovered that the rate at which an object falls is related to its weight.

C)Galileo suggested to teach an important principle about gravity at schools.

D)Galileo discovered that the rate at which an object falls is unrelated to its weight.

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Text 20. Archimedes

The Greek mathematician Archimedes was the father of geometry. He discovered the value of pi, which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi is used to calculate the volume of cylinders and spheres. Archimedes then looked for ways of measuring the volume and mass of irregular objects. Eventually, he

Сdiscovered the principle of displacement: that an object put wholly or partly into

water loses weight equal to the weight to water it displaces. One method of lifting water is known as the Archimedes' screw because it is thought that he invented it.

A) Pi is used to calculate the volume of cylinders and spheres.

B) Pi is used to calculate the mass of cylinders and spheres.

C) Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

1утверждение. Определ те, какое не соответствует содержанию текста.

D) An object put wholly or partly into water loses weight equal to the weight to

water it displaces.

2. Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно мело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.The Greek mathematician Archimedes was the father of geometry. called

The Greek mathematician Archimedes ………………… the father of geometry.

2.Archimedes looked for ways of measuring the volume and mass of irregular objects.

were

Ways of measuring the volume and mass of irregular objects ……. by Archimedes.

3.One method of lifting water is known as the Archimedes' screw.ДбА

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B)Well-developed lungs, a scaly skin and waterproof shells enable reptiles to lay

eggs.

C)Reptiles are cold-blooded.

D)Reptiles have successfully adapted to underwater life.

3. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Reptiles are vertebrates that have successfully adapted to life

4. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author provides much information on the classification of reptiles:

А) They have a scaly skin to avoid drying out and have well-developed lungs to breathe in air.

B) There are three main groups of reptiles: snakes and lizards, crocodiles and alligators, and turtles.

C) Most reptiles lay eggs that have food and water in the waterproof shell. D) These characteristics enable them to survive in dry places.

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Text 22. Movement

All living organisms move, although in plants the movement might not be obvious. Animals move to escape predators, to find food or a mate, or to avoid something unpleasant, for example. Movement usually involves muscles pulling on a skeleton. In some invertebrates, such as insects, the skeleton is outside the body. Mammals and other vertebrates have a skeleton inside the body, made of bones. A joint is where bones meet; joints give the skeleton flexibility.

4. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования:

А) All living organisms move.

B) Movement usually involves muscles pulling on a skeleton.

C) In some invertebrates, such as insects, the skeleton is outside the body.

D) Joints give the skeleton flexibility.

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Text 23. What is Evolution?

Evolution is a gradual change in living things that happens over a long time, often millions of years. Evolution happens because organisms compete for food, and mates. Although organisms may belong to the same species, they still have differences. Some give an organism a better chance of survival, and so these favorable

Сcharacteristics can be passed on to its offspring. Other individuals without these characteristics might die before reproducing. This weeding-out process is called natural selection.

1. оставьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образоми, чтобы оно мело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1. Evolution is a gradual change in living things that happens over a long time. known

Evolution …………..a gradual change in living things that happens over a long time.

2.Evolution happens because organisms compete for food and mates. due

Evolution happens ………………….…… organisms for food, and mates.

3.Natural selection is the process when an organism has a better chance of survival but another one dies before reproducing.

called

A process resulting in the survival of those individuals from a population of

animals or plants that are best adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions…………….бА

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А) Evolution happens because organisms compete for food, and mates.

B) Although organisms may belong to the same species, they still have differences. C) This weeding-out process is called natural selection.

D) Other individuals without these characteristics might die before reproducing.

Контрольные вопросы к разделу II:

1.What are stars?

2.What force does hold the gases of star together?

3.What is nuclear fusion?

4.What is the result of nuclear fusion?

5.How is our galaxy called?

6.When did the universe form?

7.How many planets do make the solar system up?

8.Which is the only planet known to support life?

9.How is the part of the Earth and its atmosphere that can support living organisms called?

10.What does mean “habitat”?

11.How do humans effect on the environment?

12.Life on Earth depends on a number of different cycles, does it? Enumerate these cycles. ДИ

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и бА Д И

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