Revision:

1. Give definition of semantic change.

2. What are the four major types of semantic change?

3. Find examples of extension (generalization) of meaning in the etymological dictionary.

4. Illustrate narrowing (specialization) of meaning with examples not used in this textbook.

5. Give examples of amelioration of meaning in the English language using the materials from the etymological dictionary.

6. Exemplify the process of pejoration of meaning using the materials from the etymological dictionary.

7. What types of metaphoric shift do you know? Illustrate your answer with examples found in dictionaries.

8. What other types of semantic change do you know?

9. Give a definition and examples of metonymy.

10. What is synecdoche? Give your own examples.

11. Illustrate the notion of litotes with examples not mentioned in this textbook; explain the essence of the notion.

12. Give a definition and your own examples of hyperbole.

13. Define antiphrasis. Illustrate your answer with examples from dictionaries.

14. Explain the notion of auto-antonymy. Give your own examples.

15. Give a definition of auto-converse. Illustrate your answer with examples not used in this textbook.

16. What is substitution? Find examples in the etymological dictionary.

17. Explain the notion of folk etymology. Illustrate your answer with examples not mentioned in this textbook.

Reading:

1. Crystal D. English vocabulary. The Structure of the Lexicon: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / David Crystal. – Cambridge University Press, 1995. – 490 p.

2. Eble C. Metonymy / Connie Eble. – The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992

3. Geeraerts D. Reclassifying Semantic change / Dirk Geeraerts // Quaderni di semantica. – 1983. – #4. – pp.217–240.

4. Grzega, J. Historical Semantics in the Light of Cognitive Linguistics: Aspects of a new reference book reviewed / Joachim Grzega // Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik. – 2000. – #25. – pp. 233-244.

5. Jeffers, R. J. Principles and methods for historical linguistics / Robert J. Jeffers, Ilse Lehiste. – MIT press, 1979.

6. Koch P. Lexical typology from a cognitive and linguistic point of view / Peter Koch // Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies: [Cruse D. A. et al., eds.]. – Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2002. – vol. 1. – pp. 1142-1178.

7. Traugott E. C. From less to more situated in language: the unidirectionality of Semantic change / Elizabeth Closs Traugott // Adamson S., Law V. A., Vincent N. et al. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. –Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1990. – pp. 496–517.

8. Warren, B. Sense Developments: A contrastive study of the development of slang senses and novel standard senses in English / Beatrice Warren //Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis 80. – Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1992.