- •Stylistics and its Subdivisions
- •Process of reading is decoding
- •Expressive Means (em) and Stylistic Devices (sd)
- •The philological circle (the circle of understanding) – l Spitzer
- •Synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea;
- •Seminar 1 General problems of stylistics Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •1.1. Dictionary definitions of style
- •1.2. Style in literary criticism and reviews of books
- •1.3. Raymond Queneau's Exercises in Style
- •Recommended literature:
- •2.1. The phonetic level of stylistic analysis
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Questions and tasks
- •Sound instrumentation
- •Alliteration Assonance Onomatopoeia
- •2.2. Graphic Expressive Means An Outline
- •2.3. Morphological Level of Stylistic Analysis An Outline
- •Seminar 2 Phonographic and morphemic expressive means Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Logical 2. Nominal 3. Emotive meanings.
- •Classification of the semantic structure according to Leningrad school of stylistics: Semantic structure of a word (Prof. I.V.Arnold) consists of denotative and connotative meanings.
- •Semantic structure of words (Prof. Arnold)
- •Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
- •Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •E.G. I must decline to pursue this painful discussion. It is not pleasant to my feelings; it is repugnant to my feelings. (d) “My children, my defrauded, swindled infants!” cried Mr. Renvings. (d)
- •Seminar 3 Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary Questions and tasks
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •The lexical thesaurus of the poetic text
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Unit 4 Stylistic Phraseology An Outline
- •Seminar 4 Stylistic Phraseology Questions and tasks
- •Red herring
- •Recommended lirerature:
- •Units 5-7 Stylistic semasiology An Outline
- •Expressing the emotive and evaluative attitude of the writer towards the object described: ”The Peacelike Mongoose” (j.Thurber)
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (I.R.Galperin)
- •I. The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning
- •1. Interaction of Dictionary and Contextual Logical Meaning
- •2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
- •3. Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meaning
- •Classification of Epithets
- •4. Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meaning
- •II. Intensification of a Feature (Lexico-Syntactical sd in V.A. Kukharenko’s classification)
- •Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (lsd)
- •Syntactical sd (ssd) – I.R.Galperin
- •The Types of Repetition on the Syntactical Level
- •Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices (lssd) (V.A.Kucharenko)
- •1) Analogy::recurrence (Simile, Climax, Periphrasis)
- •2) Contrast::recurrence (Anticlimax, Antithesis, Litotes)
- •1) Evokes fresh images;
- •2) Reveals the author’s attitude, when it is original (fresh).
- •Antithesis,
- •Anticlimax
- •Litotes
- •Seminar 5 Lexical Level of Stylistic Analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Seminar 6 syntactical level of stylistic analysis Questions and tasks
- •Supplement
- •Supplement
- •V. A raison de coeur
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 8 Stylistic grammar An Outline
- •Stylistic functions of articles
- •Stylistic transposition of pronouns
- •Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison
- •Stylistic functions of verbal categories
- •Seminar 8 Stylistic grammar Questions and tasks
- •Units 9-10 Functional stylistics An Outline
- •Functional styles, general characteristics, different classifications of functional styles.
- •Functional Styles of the English Language
- •F unctional Styles (y.M.Screbnev)
- •Literary colloquial
- •Familiar colloquial
- •I.V. Arnold
- •Functional Styles (I.R.G.)
- •Classification of Functional Styles of the English Language (I.R.Galperin)
- •The Problem of Colloquial Style
- •The Publicist Style, its Substyles, and their Peculiarities
- •The Newspaper fs, its Substyles and their Peculiarities
- •Formulative
- •1) Rigour and precision:
- •2) Impersonality: Passive Voice constructions
- •3) Logical sequence of utterances is achieved through:
- •The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language
- •It is characterized by special business terminology:
- •Informal functional styles:
- •Seminars 9-10 functional styles Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Supplement
- •Recommended literature:
- •Unit 11 types of narration and compositional terms An outline
- •Stylistic functions of the author’s narrative:
- •Seminar 11 types of narration Questions and tasks
- •Seminar 12 stylistics of the text Questions and tasks
- •Recommended literature:
- •Suggested schemes for stylistic analyses
- •The general scheme of linguo-stylistic analysis
- •Examination Questions and Problems
- •Assignments for stylistic analysis
- •Bibliography
The Publicist Style, its Substyles, and their Peculiarities
The Publicist Style treats certain political, social, economic, cultural problems. The aim of this style is to form public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener. The publicist style has the features common with the style of the scientific prose and that of emotive prose, i.e.
1) Coherent and logical syntactical structure, with the expanded system of connectives;
2) Careful paragraphing;
3) Emotional appeal is achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning;
4) The use of imagery and other SD in emotive prose:
5) It is also characterized by BREVITY of expression which becomes epigrammatic in essays.
Substyles: The oratory, essays, journalistic articles, radio and TV commentary.
Oratory. It makes use of a great number of expressive means to arouse and keep the public’s interest: repetition, gradation, antithesis, rhetorical questions, emotive words, elements of colloquial speech.
Oratory and speeches
Direct address to the audience: Ladies and gentlemen! Dear friends!
The use of the 1st and 2nd personal pronouns: “I have a dream today. I have a dream, that one day down in Alabama –I say to you, my friends, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream.”
Contractions: We’ve got.
Parallelism, antithesis, climax, repetition (anaphora, epiphora, chain repetition). “It is high time this people had recovered from the passions of the war. It is high time the people of the North and the South understood each other…”
Radio and TV commentary is less impersonal and more expressive and emotional. The journalistic articles are impersonal.
The Essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It is characterized by personality in the treatment of the theme and naturalness of expression.
The most characteristic language features:
Brevity of expression, epigrammaticalness.
The use of the 1st person sg.
The extended use of connectives to facilitate the correlation of ideas.
The abundant use of emotive words.
The use of similes and metaphors. “Oh, the conductors! When I was a boy, massive old Richter commanding the old massive Hale orchestra! … Why, my dear maestros, in spite of wars, bombs, taxes, rubbish and all, what a delight it has been to share this world and this age with you!”
The essay is very subjective and the most colloquial of the all substyles of the publicist style. It makes use of expressive means and tropes.
The Newspaper fs, its Substyles and their Peculiarities
The Newspaper Style is a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, basically serving the purposes of informing and instructing the reader. To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features:
1) Brief news items;
2) Advertisements and announcements;
3) Headlines;
4) Editorials;
5) Press reports.
The newspaper style has its specific features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
Special political and economic terms; Ex.: socialism, capitalism, constitution, market economy;
Non-term political vocabulary; Ex.: public, people, peace, war, intervention.
Newspaper lichés; Ex.: vital issue, pressing problem, war hysteria.
Abbreviations ; Ex. : UNO, NATO, EU, TUC, MP, PR
Neologisms. Ex.: sputnik, lunik, a teach-in, a sit-in, Watergate, Camillgate.
Grammatical peculiarities:
Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses.
Verbal constructions.
Syntactical complexes.
Attributive noun groups.
Specific word order.
WH pattern rule:
Ex.: The biggest blackout in US history crippled major metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest on Thursday by shutting down trains, airports, traffic and cooling systems. (US Today, Aug. 15-17, 2003)
The Headline. The main function is to inform the reader briefly, to reveal the reporter’s attitude to the facts reported. It may contain elements of appraisal.
Syntactical patterns:
Full declarative sentences. California ballot is a field of dreamers.
Interrogative sentences. What’s next for Mr. Vick?
Nominative sentences. Blackout misery. Companies for Sale. Ageism Factor.
Elliptical sentences. 50 MILLION AFFECTED IN Northeast and beyond as power grid fails.
Sentences with articles omitted. British soldier dies in ambulance bombing. Standard Investor Seeking to Sell Stake.
Phrases with verbals. Married – with cameras. Keeping prices down. To get USA aid.
Questions in the form of statements. Safe Sin? The more, the better?
Complex sentences. US Newspaperman Declares He Helped Bomb Havana.
Headlines including direct speech. Travel havoc: “We are not getting out today”.
Advertisements and Announcements. The function of advertisements and announcements is to inform the reader. There are two types of them: classified and non-classified.
Classified: Births, Marriages, Deaths, In Memorial, Business Offers, Personal, Farm, Aviary. “Trained Nurse with child 2 years seeks post London preferred – Write Box C, 658, The Times, EC 4”.
Non-classified: the reader’s attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical, graphical, stylistic. No brevity of language means.
The Scientific Prose Style, its Substyles and their Peculiarities
The Scientific Prose Style is characterized by:
Rigour and precision;
Logical sequence of utterances;
Impersonality;
Quotations, references, footnotes
Sentence patterns: