- •Теоретична фонетика
- •2. The articulatory classification of English consonants.
- •3. English Word Stress: notion, types, functions.
- •4/ The Syllable. Types.
- •5. Prosodic system of The English language/intonation.
- •Theoretical Grammar
- •1.General characteristics of language as a semiotic communication system. Language functions. Language and speech.
- •2. Language as a structural system. Language levels.
- •3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations.
- •4. Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions.
- •5. The noun as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the noun.
- •6. The verb as a part of speech. Formal, semantic and functional properties of the verb.
- •7. General characteristics of syntax. Basic syntactic notions.
- •8. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group. The Noun phrase. The Verb phrase.
- •9. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence.
- •Історія мови
- •1. Periods in the history of English. Grimm’s Law. Verner’s Law.
- •Verner’s Law.
- •2. Old English Phonology, Morphology and Syntax.
- •3. Grammatical categories of the Noun in Old English, Middle English and New English periods.
- •4. Grammatical categories of the Verb in Old English, Middle English and New English periods.
- •Main historical events of Old English and Middle English periods and their linguistic consequences.
- •Лексикологія
- •1. Etymological structure of the English vocabulary. Native and borrowed words, types of borrowings.
- •2. Latin and French borrowings in Modern English, their periodization and recognition.
- •3. Types of word meaning in English. Polysemy and its sources.
- •4. Morphological structure of a word. Immediate constituents’ analysis.
- •5. Productive ways of English word-formation: affixation, shortening, conversion, compounding.
- •7. Systemic relations in the English vocabulary. Groups of words in the lexicon. Neologisms, archaisms and international words.
- •8. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Homonyms and their classifications.
- •9. English phraseology: definition, approaches and classifications.
- •Stylistics
- •1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary word-stock three layers:
- •1) Literary, 2) neutral, 3) colloquial.
- •2. The notion of style in the language. Notion of language expressive means and stylistic devices. Convergence of stylistic devices.
- •3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.
- •5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
- •Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
- •1. Contiguity;
- •1. Likeness/similarity
5. Metaphorical group of stylistic devices. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.
Metaphor – transposition of a name based on similarity/ likeness of two objects.
Types of metaphor:
Semantic types:
Genuine or original (created by speakers): The wind was a torrent of darkness among the trees.
Trite or dead (are fixed in the dictionary): To burn with desire, floods of tears;
Structural types:
Simple (elementary) consist of single words, or compound words, or phrases. The good book is the best of friends.
Sustained/extended metaphors appear in cases when a word which has been used metaphorically makes other words of the sentence also realize their metaphoric meanings. Blondes, wars, famines - they all arrived on the same train. They unpacked together. They stayed at the same hotel...
Functional types:
Nominative is technical device of nomination, when a new notion is named by means of the old vocabulary. a leg of the table, an arm of the clock
Cognitive – when an object obtains a quality which is typical of another object. One more day has died.
Figurative / imaginative: Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water.
Antonomasia and Allegory
Antonomasia (Allegory) - identification of human beings with things which surround them (throughout the whole text);
1. the use of a proper name for a common noun. He is the Napoleon of crime.
2.the use of common nouns as proper names - speaking / token / talking names: Mr. Murdstone; Mrs. Snake; Miss Toady
Allegory = antonomasia within the whole text.
1. proverbs/sayings: Jack of all trades and master of none.
2. fables
3. fairy tales
Personification - ascribing human behaviour and thoughts to inanimate objects.
HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM ANTONOMASIA?
She had been asleep, always, and now life was thundering imperatively at all her doors.
Lie is a strange creature, and a very mean one.
EPITHET - interaction of logical and emotive meanings which produce a subjective evaluation. The iron hate deep in his soul pushed him on. The iron gate opened with a loud squeak.
Metonymical group. Syntactic and semantic difference between metonymy and metaphor.
Metonymical group: the transfer of the meaning on the basis of contiguity/nearness of two objects, on the real association of the object of nomination with the object whose name is transferred.
Metonymy can be lexical or contextual transfer of meaning.
Synechdoche - naming the whole object by mentioning part of it: the school (pupils) went to the zoo. Periphrasis – the replacement of a direct name of a thing or phenomenon by the description of some quality of this thing or phenomenon: oil=black gold, Kyiv – the city of chestnuts. Euphemism - a replacement of and unpleasantly sounding word or phrase.
Types of euphemism:
1. religious: God – Lord, Goodness, Heaven, Almight; Devil - the dickens, the deuce, Old Nick, Gentleman
2. moral: to die = to join the majority, to pass away, to breathe one's last, to go West; dead = late, deceased, departed
3. medical: mental hospital = lunatic asylum, mentally challenged = idiot
4. political: relocation centres - concentration camps; incursion - invasion; anti-personnel weapons – bombs; conflict - war
Metonymy: