3. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.

Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which alms at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder, etc.) by things (machines or tools, etc.) by people (singing, laughter) and animals. There are two varieties of onomatopoeia: direct and indirect. Direct onomatopoeia is contained in words that imitate natural sounds, as ding-dong, burr, bang, cuckoo. Indirect onomatopoeia demands some mention of what makes the sound, as rustling of curtains in the following line An example is: And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” (E. A. Poe), where the repetition of the sound [s] actually produces the sound of the rustling of the curtain.

Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words

Identity and similarity of sound combinations may be relative. We distinguish between full rhymes and incomplete rhymes. The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, including the initial consonant of the second syllable.

Incomplete rhymes present a greater variety. They can be divided into two main groups: vowel rhymes and consonant rhymes. In vowel-rhymes the vowels of the syllables in corresponding words are identical, but the consonants may be different as in flesh - fresh -press.

4. Syntactical stylistic devices; their structural, semantic and functional characteristics.

• syntax, as contrasted to lexis, is incapable of conveying emotions as such, but it immediately reacts to their presence or absence (K.Dolinin)

• expressiveness in syntax is the structural reaction of syntax to the presence or absence of emotions as well as to the varying degrees of their presence (E.Trofimova).

Expressive means in syntax based on

• the reduction of the basic model (ellipsis, aposiopesis, nominative sentences, asyndeton)

• the extension of the sentence model (repetition, enumeration, syntactical tautology, polysyndeton, emphatic constructions, parenthetic sentences);

• change of the word order (detachment, inversion, separation / syntactical split)

Ellipsis - a syntactic structure in which there is no subject, or predicate, or both. Where did you go? – To the disco.

Asyndeton - a deliberate avoidance of conjunctions used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases or words. Bicket did not answer ; his throat felt too dry.

Aposiopesis (or break-in-the-narrative ) is realized through incompleteness of sentence structure. (If you go on like this...)

Repetition

ordinary: Please, get well — fast - fast - fast.

framing or rin: We are going to be lucky, we are.

catch repetition (anadiplosis): It was a nice face, a face you get to like.

chain repetition: The originals were returned to the envelopes, and the envelopes to the box, and the box to the vault. root-repetition: "Schemmer, Karl Schemmer, was a brute, a brutish brute."

Enumeration - the repetition of the homogeneous words or word combinations in the same syntactical position. There were cows, goats, peacocks and sheep in the village.

Syntactical tautology - the repetition of semantically identical elements of the sentence (usually the subject expressed by a noun and a pronoun). I ain’t got no news from nobody.

Parenthetic sentences - sentences and phrases inserted into a syntactical structure of another sentence. It was only when he had been decisively turned down by everyone approached – banks, trusts, insurance companies, and private lenders – that his original confidence waned.

Emphatic constructions - intensification of any part of the utterance. It was to the small house that he came at the end.

Polysyndeton - the repetition of the same conjunction before the enumerated components of the sentence. And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon the house; and it fell; and great was the fall of it.

Stylistic devices in syntax based on:

- interconnection of several syntactical constructions in a certain context (parallelism, chiasmus, anaphora, epiphora)

- the transposition of the meaning of the syntactical construction or the model of the sentence (rhetoric questions)

- the transposition of the meaning of the means of connection between the components of the sentence or sentences (parcellation, subordination instead of coordination)