- •Theoretical Grammar
- •The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar.
- •2. Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •3. Language as a structure. Language levels.
- •4. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •5. Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •6. Explicit grammatical categories. Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions. The notion of a paradigm.
- •7. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/non- terminative).
- •8. The noun as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun.
- •9. Syntax as a part of grammar. Its practical objections and concepts.
- •10. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of utterance and according to their structure.
- •Лексикологія
- •1. The morphological structure of a word. (Морфологічна структура слова).
- •2. Word-formation. Productive ways: affixation, conversion, compounding, shortening. (Словотвір. Продуктивні способи словотвору: афіксація, конверсія, словоскладання, скорочення).
- •4. Polysemy in English. Homonyms and their classifications. (Полісемія в англійській мові. Омоніми та їх класифікації).
- •5. Synonymy and antonymy in English. Neologisms and archaisms. (Синонімія й антонімія в англійській мові. Неологізми та архаїзм).
- •Теоретична фонетика
- •The articulatory classification of the English vowels. (Класифікація англійських голосних за артикуляцією.) the main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •Articulatory and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •English word stress: notions, types, functions. (Словесний наголос в англійській мові: поняття,типи,функції.)
- •The syllable as an integral part of the word. Types of syllables in English Склад як невід’ємна частина слова. (Типи складів в англійській мові.)
- •Functional characteristics of the syllable
- •Prosodic system of the English language/ intonation. (Просодійна система англійської мови/ інтонація.)
- •Окремі питання по граматиці!!!
- •1.Категорії роду та відмінка в англійській мові. (Categories of gender and case in English).
- •2.Категорія числа в системі англійської мови. Абсолютна однина й абсолютна множина. (Number in the system of the English language. Singularia tantum and pluralia tantum).
- •3.Час і аспект як граматичні категорії дієслова в англійській мові. (Tense and aspect as grammatical categories of the English verb).
- •4. Категорія стану дієслів в англійській мові. Проблема середнього стану. (Voice in the system of the English verb. The problem of medial voices).
- •5.Категорія способу в англійській мові. Дійсний, наказовий та умовний способи. (Category of mood in English . Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive).
- •Indicative Mood:
- •Imperative Mood:
- •Infinitive Mood:
- •6.Просте речення як монопредикативна конструкція. Актуальне членування речення. (Actual division of the sentence).
- •7.Складносурядне речення і типи сурядного зв’язку (Compound sentence and types of coordination).
- •8.Складнопідрядне речення як поліпредикативна конструкція (Complex sentence as a polypredicative construction).
- •Країнознавство
- •Geographical and climatic peculiarities of the United Kingdom. (Загальні відомості про географічні та кліматичні особливості Об’єднаного Королівства Великобританії.)
- •The usa: regional, geographical, climatic and economical peculiarities. (Сполучені Штати Америки: регіональні кліматичні та географічні особливості.)
- •A) Political system of the uk.
- •4. Система освіти у Великобританії. Відомі університети та коледжі./Education in Great Britain. Famous universities and colleges.
- •5.Свята та традиції англомовних країн./Traditions and holidays of English-speaking countries.
- •6.Загальні відомості про країни – члени Співдружності./General facts about the Commonwealth members.
- •История английского языка
- •Old Enlgish lexical system
- •2.Phonetic processes in Middle English (system of consonants)
- •3. Old English grammatical system.
- •Middle English grammatical system
- •Phonetic changes in Old, Middle and Modern English.
- •Independent changes. Development of monophthongs
- •Velar consonants in Early Old English. Growth of New Phonemes
6.Загальні відомості про країни – члени Співдружності./General facts about the Commonwealth members.
The Commonwealth of Nations or The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of autonomous sovereign states most of which have been under British rule at some point in their history. It was formally established in 1931 and meets to discuss matters of common interest and concern.
No one of the government member exercises power over the others, but rather, the relationship is one of an international organization by which all the countries with diverse social, economic and political backgrounds regard each other as equal in status.
As outlined in the Singapore Declaration, the framework of common goals and values include the promotion of democracy, egalitarianism, free trade, good governance, human rights, individual liberty, multilateralism, rule of law, and world peace. All these are carried out through multilateral projects, and activities including the quadrennial Commonwealth Games.
The head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Queen Elizabeth II, the reigning British monarch. As Her Majesty’s position is symbolic, the Commonwealth Secretary-General is the chief executive of the organization.
Brief History of The Commonwealth of Nations
The official launch of The Commonwealth was in 1931 when the Statue of Westminster gave legal recognition to the independence of dominions known as the “British Commonwealth.” The first members were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the Irish Free State and Dominion of Newfoundland and United Kingdom.
Ireland left after passing The Republic of Ireland Act in 1949. Newfoundland government was suspended on February 16, 1934, then joined Canada on March 31, 1949. Australia and New Zealand only adopted the statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. The London Declaration was signed in 1949 marking the birth of the Commonwealth and renaming to its present name.
List of Member Countries of the Commonwealth Grouped by Year of Entry
There are currently 54 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Malaysia, Nigeria, Cyprus, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Malta, Zambia, The Gambia, Singapore, Barbados, Botswana, Guyana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Nauru (special member), Swaziland, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji (Suspended 2006 due to the 2006 Fijian coup d’etat), Bangladesh, The Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Dominica, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, St. Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Vanuatu, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Maldives, St Kitts and Nevis, Brunei, Namibia, Cameroon, Mozambique,Rwanda.
Presently, sixteen of the member states are “Commonwealth Realms” with the Head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II, also their head of state: Apart from the United Kingdom, the other nations include: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Queen Elizabeth is represented by a Governor-General in each realm.
Five other member nations are monarchies with their own separate monarchs: Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, and Tonga. The rest of the members are republics.
The Commonwealth Secretariat
The central institution and intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth of Nations is the Commonwealth Secretariat under the leadership of a Secretary-General. The Secretary-General is responsible for facilitating cooperation between members including assisting and advising on policy development, and providing assistance to countries in implementing the policies and decisions of the Commonwealth. It has observer status in the United Nations General Assembly.
The Commonwealth Secretariat is located in London, the United Kingdom, at Marlborough House. It was a former royal palace given by Queen Elizabeth II.
The Commonwealth Secretaries-General, Term of office, and Nation of Origin
1965-1975 Arnold Smith, Canada
1975-1990 Shridath Ramphal, Guyana
1990-2000 Emeka Anyaoku, Nigeria
2000-2008 Donald C McKinnon, New Zealand
2008- Kamalesh Sharma, India