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6. Look at the diagram on this page. Do you know the words which correspond to the numbers? Fill in the crossword below.

7. Read the text. Aeroplane structure

The goal of aeroplane design and construction is to obtain maximum efficiency, combined with adequate strength. Excess strength requires excess weight and therefore lowers the efficiency of the aeroplane by reducing its speed and the amount of useful load it can carry.

The required structural strength is based on the aeroplane's use. An aeroplane which is to be used only for normal flying is not expected to be subjected to the excessive strains of aerobatic manoeuvres and therefore will not need to be as strong as an aeroplane intended for aerobatic flight or other special purposes involving severe in-flight stresses. Information about limitations of each aeroplane is made available to the pilot through markings on instruments, signs on the instrument panels, operating limitations attached to airworthiness certificates, or aeroplane flight manuals carried in the aeroplane.

Aeroplane strength is measured basically by the total load which the wings are capable for carrying without permanent damage. The load imposed upon the wings depends very largely upon the type of flight in which the aeroplane is engaged. The wing must support not only the weight of the aeroplane but also the additional loads imposed during manoeuvres such as turns and pullouts from dives. Turbulence also imposes additional loads.

8. Answer the questions to the text.

a) What is the goal of aeroplane design?

b) What is the required structural strength based on?

c) How is information about limitations of each aeroplane made available to the pilot?

d) How is aeroplane strength measured?

9. Find in the text examples of Participle I and Participle II and try to explain the difference.

10. Find in the text examples of -ing forms and explain the difference between Participle I and Gerund.

11. Match the equivalents.

primary components

поддерживать самолет в полете

airframe

крепиться к фюзеляжу

power plant

обеспечивать низкую посадочную скорость

flight control surfaces

убирающееся посадочное устройство

to develop thrust

требования, предъявляемые к конструкции

piston engine

подвижные аэродинамические поверхности

turbojet engine

каркас, сделанный из лонжеронов и нервюр

turboprop engine

напряжение на фюзеляже

turbofan engine

положение самолета в полете

turboshaft engine

обеспечивать руление, взлет и посадку

to accommodate the crew, cargo, control devices

обеспечивать устойчивое движение самолета

necessary instruments and equipment

в различных местах

to be attached to the fuselage

крепиться к неподвижным частям хвостового оперения

to provide high lift

выдерживать напряжение

to support the aircraft in flight

стабилизировать самолет в полете

to provide low landing speed

поршневой двигатель

in a variety of location

размещать экипаж, грузы, органы управления

to control the aircraft in flight

обеспечивать подъемную силу

to be hinged to immovable tail surfaces

основные части

to stabilize the aircraft in flight

планер

to provide the steady motion of the aircraft

движение крена самолета

to support the aircraft on the ground

плоскости управления

to provide taxiing, take-off and landing

турбовальный двигатель

retractable landing gear

силовая установка, двигатель

structural requirements of the aircraft

турбореактивный двигатель

attitude of an aircraft

необходимые приборы и оборудование

stresses on the fuselage structure

развивать (создать) тягу

to withstand stresses

управлять самолетом в полете

framework, composed of spars and ribs

поддерживать самолет на земле

movable airfoils

турбовентиляторный двигатель

rolling motion of the aircraft

турбовинтовой двигатель

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