Public Ownership

Any surpluses| that a nationalized industry makes| … these are derived (извлекать) from its year-to-year – trading operations| and, of course, these surpluses (избыток) belong to the State unlike in a private company, of course,| where they are issued (['ɪʃuː], издавать) to the shareholders (акционер) by way of dividend. They belong to the State, these trading surpluses,| but,| for the most part,| they’re clawed (притянуто) back into the nationalized industry| to finance (['faɪnæn(t)s]) expansion, to improve|| … plant and machinery. In other words,| they’re used to finance various types of capital investment| so as to make the public corporation as efficient (результативный)| and| … as economic as possible| and to keep down prices.

You might well be thinking,| well,| so much for profit, but what about loss (потеря)? Supposing this public corporation makes a loss … Well, any loss is born by the State. The State,| in fact,| has unlimited liability (ответственность)| …, but, of course,| since it’s a public corporation ultimately it’s the tax-payer (налогоплательщик) who suffers.

… The Government Minister/ whose Department is responsible for a particular industry, this Government Minister has the task of appointing (определять) the Board and its Chairman/ and/ … often the Chairman is a person who comes from private industry.

But the decision as to whether to form a government department or to abolish (отменять) it or, sometimes to merge two departments together, this is entirely in the hands of the Government of the day. New departments are often formed, old departments joined together or even abolished. But with regard (внимание) to other new departments in recent years these have been formed to deal with prices, energy, social security, the environment, in other words, when an issue of national concern arises (возникать), the Government quite often decides to form a new department to deal with that particular issue.

Where does the income of Central Government come from? Well, like most other things in countries, it comes from you and me, it comes from the tax-payers. Tax-payers pay for everything.

[16]

II. Skills Development

2.1. You are going to listen to the samples of making business presentation. Delimit the messages into intonation groups, utterances and phonopassages.

2.2. Listen to the intonation groups identifying their accentuation relief. Single out the rhythmic groups constituting the accentual patterns of the semantic items. Focus on the quantity of proclitics and enclitics of the smallest rhythmic units.

2.3. After you have listened to the messages twice try to concentrate on rhythmic groups beating out the time while practising them. Remember to fasten the rate on proclitics and enclitics.

2.4. Listen to the samples for study and analysis. Try and focus on the pitch patterns:

Sample A e.g.

… we 'all know

… that there have been some 'major changes in our marker |

… 'I’d like to pre'sent the trends |

… I’m not going to talk for long

… to 'four hundred forty million litres |

… over the last ten years |

… ˉand we can expect |

… to just forty two |

… ˉhas changed radically

… considering initial consumer resistance

Sample B e.g.

… 'that’s our 'view of the market position |

… in particular |

… 'as well as our weaknesses

… to 'read in the press |

… in 'this ˙short ˙presentation

… and 'outline our goals |

… it has 'given me great |

… at Rossomon |

… I shall consider |

… and non-financial compensation |

2.5. Try and focus on the tone sequences of the combined tunes. Identify the relations as either coordinative or subordinative:

a) of the overall tune

b) of the adjoining constituent tunes (preposition and post-position subordination)

c) decide which of the two intonation groups is semantically more important

Sample A

• We 'all know | that there have been some 'major changes in our market over the last ten years | ˉand we can expect further changes over the next ten years ||

• I’m not going to talk for long || 'just long enough | to 'give you an overview | of developments | so that we can discuss the implications ||

Sample B

• 'First of all | let me say | it has 'given me great | personal satisfaction to 'read in the press | that Rossomon | is con'sidered one of the 'hundred best companies to 'work ˙for in the UK||.

• To do this | I shall consider | five 'main headings || namely | remuneration | promotion |training | the environment | and communications ||.

2.6. Listen to the samples to focus on the specifics of melodic contours of the intonation groups (syntagmas). Group them into a) simple and b) compound tunes

Sample A

• on this first transparency I

• represents the milk product market I

• ten years ago I

• how it looks now I

• the full milk sector I

Sample B

• over the last decade I

• for the next one I

• that we prefer to pay our people I

• a bit more money I

• we can’t afford to take on as many employees I