Unit III. Programming. Computer languages. Lesson 1.Computer Languages for Different Tasks. Modal Verbs.

*Task I. Learn the new vocabulary:

a set - набір

a rule – правило

a meaning – значення

limited – обмежений

to type – друкувати

to represent – представляти

to load – завантажувати

reason – причина

to carry out – виконувати

Task II. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

A computer language, a set of words and commands, the rules of grammar, familiar words, mostly English words, special meaning, limited vocabularies, on the keyboard, to translate into electrical impulses, to represent 0’s and 1’s, to carry out instructions, built into the computer, loaded from the disk

**Task III. Read and translate the text:

What is a computer language?

Instructing a computer is done a with computer language. A computer language is a set of words, symbols, and commands that a computer can understand. "Think of this example: If you study French you learn words and rules of grammar that another speaker of French can understand. If you study computer language, you learn words and rules of grammar called syntax rules that a computer can understand. Most French words are not familiar to you when you first see them. But many computer languages use words that are mostly English words, such as PRINT, RUN, and NEW. These words have special meanings in a computer language.

Computer languages are not spoken to the computer (except in some experimental systems with limited vocabularies). Instead, you type the computer language on the keyboard. The computer then translates what you typed into electrical impulses that represent O's and I's—the form in which the computer can understand and carry out your instructions. To translate your instructions, the computer needs a language processor that is either built into the computer itself or loaded into the computer from a disk. The language processor acts somewhat like a human interpreter who listens to someone speaking French and then tells you what the words mean in English, it does the translating.

There are many different computer languages. You may have heard of BASIC, Pascal, Logo, FORTRAN, COBOL, and others. For your computer to understand one of these languages, it needs a translator for that language. Why are there different computer languages? The reason for this is that different languages work well for different kinds of tasks.

Today's computers are becoming much easier to use and understand. To use a computer in the past, one had to learn computer languages as Fortran (Formula Translation) or COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language). The learning process was slow and difficult for many students.

Fortran is the language that is very similar to BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code). FORTRAN contains commands to do engineering problems and use mathematical formulas more easily than does BASIC. FORTRAN is available for some microcomputers.

COBOL is the language that was developed mainly for large computers. It is designed for business uses and for report writing. It makes it easy to set up very complicated reports with rows and columns and print these on the screen or a printer.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.

Many students who begin with BASIC learn to write assembly-language programs. Assembly language is not a high-level language. It is much closer to the machine language of the computer. In assembly language you work with building blocks to create your program. Because you can use these blocks in many ways, you can create commands that don't exist in BASIC. A program that is written in assembly language also runs much faster than a program that is written in BASIC, because it does not need to be interpreted like BASIC. Assembly language can also be used to write programs that will run on several different computers. Any computer with the same computer chip will use the same assembly language. Assembly language is very difficult to use. I Assembly language is not a structured language, so it is very difficult for someone else to understand your programs.

Task IV. Give full words of the following abbreviations:

FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC.

***Task V. Which of the above listed programming languages are most widely used and which are obsolete? Supply your report with examples/

**Task VI. Read the text again and find the explanation of the meaning of the following terms:

1. FORTRAN is the language...

2. COBOL is the language …

3. ASSEMBLY language is …

4. BASIC is...

**Task VII. Answer the questions:

1. What computer language is very similar to BASIC?

2. What tasks is FORTRAN used for?

3. What computer language is designed for business uses and report writing?

4. How does a program written in assembly language work?

5. Why is assembly language difficult to use?

6. Is it a structured language? a high-level language?

Task VIII. Give the English equivalents to the following:

Виконувати різні інструкції, перекладати на електроімпульси, знайома інформація, спеціальне значення, різні комп’ютерні мови, вбудований в комп’ютер, як людина –перекладач, друкувати на клавіатурі, обмежений словник, завантажувати з диска, набір інструкцій та наказів.

**Task IX. Answer the questions on the text:

1).What is a computer language?

2). Do computer languages use mostly English words? What are the most common among them?

3). Are computer languages spoken to the computer?

4). In what way does the computer translate what you typed on the keyboard?

5). What does it need to do it?

6). What are the most common used computer languages?

7). Why are they so different?

• різні види завдань

Task X. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

1. Similar meaning: study, symbols, familiar, learn, words, known, special, act, particular, carry out, tell, interpreter, speak, translator, rules, use, instructions, apply, listen, hear.

2. Opposite meaning: understand, simple, load, different, output, similar, complex, instead, build, the same, destroy, well, inside, badly, outside, difficult, primitive, misunderstand

*Task XI. Tell if these sentences correspond the text:

1. Istructing a computer is done with a computer language.

2. A computer language is a set of words, symbols and commands that are shown on the screen.

3. A computer can understand words and rules of grammar called syntax rules.

4. We don’t speak to the computer, we type the computer language on the keyboard.

5. The language processor acts like a human interpreter.

Level II. Rearrange the word order in the sentences:

1. can, The computer, and, understand, out, carry, instructions, your.

2. processor, is, A language, built, either, loaded, into, itself, the computer, or , into, from a disk, the computer.

3. different, There, many, are, languages, computer.

4. languages, Different, for, well, work, different, of tasks, kinds

Task XII. The use of modal verbs.

Can – could to be able to (was, were able)

May – might to be allowed, to be permitted

Must - have to ( had to), to be

Should

Ought(to) to be obliged

Task XIII . Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs.

1. A programmer must know computer equipment perfectly well.

2. Scientists engineers and other experts could calculate the orbits of sputniks with the help of electronic computers.

3. We can and must explore the Moon and other planets with the help of computer equipment.

4. A digital computer can calculate thousands of mathematical operations in one second.

5. The computer language can be spoken to the computer only in some experimental systems.

6. You may use BASIC to solve some mathematical tasks.

7. You might know how to solve the problem of supplying energy.

8. Everyone must know his duty.

Task XIV Read and complete the meaning of Modal Verbs and their equivalents.

1. 1. I can improve this device – I am able to improve this device now.

2. I could study this engine – I was able to study this engine by.

3. We will be able to create some computer programs.

4. He must study English – He has to study English.

5. He had to study radio electronics two years ago.

6. The students will have to study technical English next year.

b) 7. Engineers must create new technologies.

8. The students have to use a lot of computer languages.

9. Man has to create new sources of energy.

10. You will have to master English to be well in computer sciences.

11. You should study this set of rules and commands.

12. This calculation is to be done in some seconds.

13. The computer systems are to guide space exploration.

14. They were to process the information in a very short period.

15. You should use many computer languages to carry out different tasks .