1336 Index

pumps

– atmospheric peroxide bleaching system

867

– medium consistency 617–619

Purdue model, kraft cooking kinetics

198–199

pure liquid, shear stress 1248

purification 959–962

– cold alkali 934, 948

– cold caustic extraction 935

– degree 953, 959

– efficiency after hot caustic extraction 948

– Eucalyptus prehydrolysis-kraft pulp

943–944

– extractives 960–961

– hardwood sulfite pulp 943

– hot 934

– hot caustic extraction 935

– kappa number 960–961

– levels 954

– phases 955

– pulp 933–966

– pulp viscosity 959

– selectivity 363

– Visbatch® process 363

purification efficiency

– NaOH concentration 946

– PHK pulp 942

– sulfite pulp 942

purification yield 958

– alkali resistances 958

– R18 content 963

– R18 dependence 956

– xylan content 958

purified cotton linters, influence of salts on

degregation 709

purity levels, eucalyptus prehydrolysis-kraft

pulp 944

pyranosyl cation 416

pyrolysis, organic material 992

PZ treatments 1038

q

QC see quality control

QPQP bleaching 267–271

– brightness development as function of

consumed OXE 271

quality control, fundamentals 1213–1218

quality profile, dissolving pulp 1023

quality requirements, mechanical pulp 1143

quercetin, formation from taxifolin under acid

sulfite conditions 426

Quercus 37

Quercus alba, inorganic composition 40

Quercus nigra, pulp yield–kappa number

relationship in soda-AQ cook 321

Quercus robur

– average cell dimensions 52

– extractives 35

– obligate heartwood formation 57

Quercus rubra, kinetic parameters for xylan

water prehydrolysis 333

quinoid structures

– elimination by alkaline hydrogen peroxide

875

– lignin 857

– residual lignin 174

quinone-methide

– addition of hydrogen sulfide 167

– formation 166

– LUMO-distribution 166

– reduction 170

quinone-methide intermediate

– chlorine bleaching 747

– lignin 856

r

R-values see alkali resistances

R10 see alkali resistances

R18

– lignin content 1230

– see also alkali resistances

R2 process, chlorine dioxide generation 742

radial concentration profile

– Kazi and Chornet diffusion model of

Impregnation 153

– numerical solution of diffusion equation

162–163

radial diffusion coefficient

– as function of NaOH concentration 145

– Poplar 144

radial impregnation, NaOH concentration

profile 155

radiation degradation, molecular weight

reduction 1059

radical formation 792, 829

radical part, ozone reactions 791

radical reactions 792

radical-scavenging

– methanol 821

– organic solvents 822

radical-type chain reactions 789

radical yield 812

Radiclone AM, Noss 606

Radiscreen, Noss 603–604

Raditrim, Noss 604

Index 1337

raised roll thickness screen 91–92

Raman spectroscopy 117, 178

Raoult’s law 970

rapid displacement heating see RDH

rare sugar, yield as function of H-factor 438

rattan, cell types 50

Rauma three-stage sulfite cook

– a-cellulose as function of third stage pH

and temperature 471

– pH, temperature and pressure course 471

raw material

– mechanical pulp 1075–1078

– paper 1153–1156

– pulp production 21–63

– storage 69–71

– unsuitable 1157

rays

– hardwoods 54

– softwoods 51

RDH 9

– cooking cycle 373

– effective alkali profile 276–277

– hydraulic cook 275

– results 275–280

– sulfide ions concentration 278

– technology and equipment 372–373

RDH pulp

– HexA content 278–279

– xylan content 255

reaction conditions

– acid sulfite pulping process chemistry

449–464

– pulp quality 953–962

reaction enthalpy, kraft recovery boiler 984

reaction kinetics, crystallinity 1262–1263

reaction wood 54–56

reactive oxygen species see ROS

reactivity

– bleaching chemicals 611

– chlorite ions 739

– lignin model compounds 635

– lignin structures 634–641

– pulp specification 1060

reactors 827

– atmospheric downflow 624–625

– atmospheric peroxide bleaching system

867

– atmospheric upflow 623–624

– medium consistency 623–627

– pressurized 625–627

– pressurized peroxide bleaching system

866

rechipper 86–87

reclaimer, chip storage 102–103

recovered paper 1147–1210

– annual flow in comparison to virgin paper

15

– basic statistics 1165–1176

– collection 1165, 1170, 1177–1182

– cycle, Europe 1184

– demand, Germany 1160

– different rates 1173

– future development 1175–1176

– global trade, expected 1172

– grades 1157–1164, 1203–1210

– handling 1187–1190

– industrial volume 1153

– Japan 1161, 1163

– naming criteria 1158

– nonpaper components 1204

– outthrow materials 1162

– prohibitive materials 1162

– recycling rate 1165, 1173–1175

– sorted 1189

– sorting, handling, and storage 1187–1190

– sources 1183–1186

– unusable materials 1204

– usage 1151

recovered paper utilization

– CEPI countries 1161

– global development 1148

– rate 1165, 1167–1168

– rate for different paper grades 1169

recovery 967–997

recovery boiler see kraft recovery boiler

recovery furnace, black liquor 968

recovery rate 1170–1173

recovery systems, sulfite compounds

994–995

recycled fibers 1147–1210

– relevance as paper raw material

1153–1156

recycled fibers use, legislation 1191–1210

recycling, waste strategy 1192

recycling rate, recovered paper 1173–1175

red hickory, average moisture content 125

red maple, chemical composition of wood 23

redox cycle, laccase mediator-system 887

redox mechanisms, lignin 319

redox potential

– dioxygen 643

– in kraft pulp with polysulfide

pretreatment 310

reducing end-groups

– chains scissions 1058

– peeling reactions 660–662