In conventional kraft cooking 232

– at different digester locations 300

– calculated consumption in Visbatch® cook

of Eucalyptus urograndis 351

– CBC process 283

– in relation to brightness 272

– in relation to H-factor after 120 min

cooking 238

– in relation to intrinsic viscosity 270

– in relation to light absorption coefficient

269

– in relation to pine total pulp yield 239

– in relation to xylan content in unbleached

Visbatch® pulp 358

– influence on pulp yield in standard batch

cooking process 229

– kraft cooking active chemicals 114–115,

118–119, 159–161

– Lo-Solids™ laboratory cooks 301–303, 305

– predicted concentration in selected kraft

cooking kinetics model 223, 227

– white liquors 244

effective capillary cross-sectional area see

ECCSA

effective filtration pressure, in relation to

relative pressure washer capacity 536

efficiency 765

– chlorine dioxide 768–769

– fractionation 590–592

– ozone treatment 829–840

– pulp washing 531, 537–546

efficiency factor (E factor)

– determination 544

– modified 545–546

– Norden 539–544

effluent

– biological treatment 999

– pulping processes 998

– treatment 1004–1005

effluent-free mill 1007

effluent load

– avoiding 999

– mechanical pulp 1138

– temperature effect 865

effluent volume, open bleaching stage 892

Einstein see Stokes–Einstein model

electrochemical delignification, alternative

bleaching methods 887

electron density distribution

– benzylium cation 409

– carbonium-oxonium ion 417

– phenylpropene unit 2 633

electron microscopy, fiber morphology 1271

electron spectroscopy for chemical

application 1223

electron-transfer reactions, lignin 170

electronic structure, dioxygen 642

electrophilic attack, ozone 790

electrophilic attack sites, lignin 648

electrophilic-nucleophilic reactions, (di)oxygen

and derivatives 647–649

electrostatic precipitator, kraft recovery boiler

981

elemental chlorine, redox reaction 736

elemental chlorine-free bleaching see ECF

bleaching

elementary fibrils, cellulose 41

b-elimination, glycosidic bond 177

elimination reactions, lignin 169–170

ellagic acid, structure 425

EMCC®

– dissolved lignin concentration at different

digester locations 298

– effect of polysulfide 312

– process steps and flow regime 387

– residual lignin structures 262

– results 297–298

– single-vessel hydraulic digester 386

– technology and equipment 386–388

– yield–kappa number plot 248–249

emission levels

– aquatic environment 1005

– Tasmanian 1005

emission limits, selected 1003

EN 643, paper grades 1157

end-groups, reducing 657–660

energy balance, kraft recovery boiler 984–985

energy consumption, TMP 13

energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 40, 404

enol ethers, formation 169

enolic structures, hydroperoxide formation

651

Index 1309

enone, nucleophilic addition 859

entrained air 534–535

– screening operating parameters 579

environmental aspects

– elemental chlorine 771

– pulp production 997–1008

enzyme treatment 1049

epoxides, intramolecular formation 171

equilibria, sulfite chemical pulping 395–403

equipment

– batch cooking 367–376

– bleaching 613–628

– continuous cooking 377–391

– EMCC® 386–388

– ITC 386–388

– kraft pulping 366–391

– lime cycle 990–991

– Lo-Solids™ cooking 388–390

– MCC 383–386

– parameters 572–575

– pulp washing 547–558

– RDH 372–373

– screening and cleaning 600–606

– specific pulp washing parameters 535–536

– superbatch process 373–374

equivalent volume, hydrodynamically 1250

erythronic acid

– content in aldonic acid residues 658

– formation 659

d-erythronic acid, polysaccharide chain

cleavage 662

ESCA see electron spectroscopy for chemical

application

ethanol-benzene, organic solvents 342

ether

– dissolving pulp applications 1025

– ozone reactions 793

a-O-4 ether, structure 164–165

b-O-4 ether 172–174

– structure 413

ethoxy-based surfactants 687

4-O-ethyl-b-d-glucopyranoside 830

– polysaccharide degradation 796

ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid see EDTA

EU packaging directive 1193

Euca-PHK-pulp, P-factor 259

eucalypt

– sulfite dissolving pulp 1047

– Visbatch® process conditions 365

eucalyptus

– chemical composition 451

– PHK pulp 1048

– prehydrolysis-kraft pulp 943–945

– viscosity–H-factor relationship 452

Eucalyptus globulus 967

– chemical composition 451

– chemical composition of wood 23

– lignin mass balance during impregnation

and kraft cooking 162

Eucalyptus grandis, AQ effects on kraft and

soda pulping 325

Eucalyptus saligna

– kinetic parameters for prehydrolysis weightloss

332

– kinetic parameters for xylan water

prehydrolysis 333

– lignin species degradation during kraft

pulping 213

– prehydrolysis effect on delignification rates