Index 1305

– oxygen see oxygen delignification

– OxyTrac system 730

– ozone 777–849

– pH 473

– phases in kraft cooking 184

– pine 473

– predicted by selected model of kraft cooking

kinetics 223

– pressure 730

– process equipment 731

– profiles within handmade chip 160

– relation to oxygen delignification

efficiency 259

– retention time 730

– selectivity 363, 809, 815

– temperature 730

– two-stage 473, 730

– washing 826

– see also kappa number

delignification chemistry 632

– (di)oxygen and derivatives 641–649

delignification efficiency

– Eucalyptus saligna prehydrolysis kraft pulp

with oxygen delignification 260

– temperature effect 813

delignification rate 802

– equation 681

– prehydrolysis effect in prehydrolysis-kraft

process for Eucalyptus saligna 351

delignification reactions, selectivity 838

DeltaCombi, Metso 603

DeltaScreen, Metso 602

demethylation reaction, lignin 169

density

– black liquor 971

– crystallinity 1262

– dissolving pulp characterization 1062

– hydrogen peroxide 851

– white liquor 116

– wood species 127–128

dentated discs 92

– chip screens 91

deoxy-hexoses, hemicelluloses 28

3-deoxypentonic acid, black liquor

composition 968

depolymerization reactions 937

design principles, contaminant removal and

fractionation systems 594–596

detrimental effect, viscosity 814

dewatering

– compressive 517, 525–526

– press 827

– time 1283

DF see dilution factor

DI see crystallinity, degree of

diacetate filterability 1028

diamond rolls

– chip screens 92

– thickness screen 93

diarylmethane, chlorine bleaching 747

diarylmethane-type structures, lignin

chemistry 169

dichloromethane see DCM

3,4-dideoxypentonic acid, black liquor

composition 968

diequatorial intramolecular interactions,

glycone 327

diethylene diamine penta-acetic acid see

DTPA

diethylene triamino penta-acetate 670

– metals removal 861

different pulp types, ozone treatment

829–840

differential algebraic equations 228–229

differential form, Fick’s second law of

diffusion 152

differential MWD

– ozone treatment 845

– shape 844

differential volume element, annular

(screening theory) 566

diffuse-porous woods 133

– Aucoumea klaineana 53

– Fagus sylvatica 50

– vessels 53

diffusely scattered light, scattering methods

1245

diffusion

– control 800

– dissolved ozone 798

– Fick’s first law 142–143, 220, 517

– Fick’s second law 138, 219, 518

– kraft cooking mass transfer 123, 137–150

– mass transfer 518

– model see Kazi and Chornet diffusion

model of impregnation

– oxygen gas 671

– parameters 156

– pulp washing theory 517–518

– rate 149

– Stokes–Einstein model 147

diffusion coefficient 138–142

– activation energy dependency 140

– comparative evaluation for sodium ions

149–150

– dependency on wood species 148–149

1306 Index

– determination apparatus 142

– numerically evaluated for different

conditions 155

– sulfur(IV) species 404

– temperature dependency 140–141

– yield dependence 141

diffusion washers, pulp washing equipment

552–555

digester

– batch 367–368

– discharge 370

– dissolved lignin concentration at different

locations 298

– downflow hydraulic single-vessel 390

– effective alkali 300

– evacuation 129

– hydraulic single-vessel 386, 388

– pressure 403

– single-vessel hydraulic 383

9,10-dihydroxyanthracene, AQ reduction

product 317

diluted alkaline hydrogen peroxide,

decomposition in deionized water 864

dilution conveyor 827

dilution factor, pulp washing parameter

529–532, 545–546

dilution/extraction washing 523

dioxane lignin, residual 704

dioxins, concentrations 753

dioxygen 641–649

– electronic structure 642

– electrophilic-nucleophilic reactions

647–649

– principles of activation 642–644

– reactions and reduction products 644

– redox potentials 643

– reductions 854

– simplified bonding scheme 642

– see also oxygen

dioxygen-alkali delignification processes,

carbohydrate reactions 657–666

dipertenes, softwoods 35

diphenylmethane see DPM

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, lignin degradation

791

Dipterocarpus, apitonene 37

direct causticizing 994

dirty points, paper 1076

disc chipper 80–84

disc refiners 1104

disc thickness screen

– diamond roll 93

– raised roll 91

discharge

– acid sulfite pulping process chemistry

430–434

– consistency 530, 532–533

– gate operating mode 75

discolored wood 57

discs

– chipper canter 88

– dentated 91

dismutation reaction 739

displacement

– applied on prehydrolysis kraft process 327

– cooking liquor 430–434

displacement cooking

– principles 367

– process steps 368

displacement ratio, pulp washing 538–539,

543

displacement washing 524–525

disproportionation, hydroxyl radical adducts

653

dissociation constant, temperature

dependence for SO2 397

dissolution

– of AX, carbohydrate, GGM and lignin in

CBC process 284

– single elements determination 1221

dissolved lignin

– different digester locations 298

– effect on kraft cooking kinetics models

207

– influence on alkalinity 246

dissolved oxygen, diffusion 693

dissolved ozone 780–781, 798

dissolved solids

– effect on modified kraft cooking 244–248

– sources 716

dissolved wood components, beech

magnesium acid sulfite cook 446

dissolved xylan, concentration in cooking

liquor 303–304

dissolved xylose

– as function of cooking temperature 463

– as function of HSO3

– 461

dissolving grade pulp 1009, 1022–1062

dissolving pulp

– applications 1025

– characterization 1024, 1061

– chemical composition 1026

– degradation 1056–1059

– functional groups specification 1016

– global production 11

– organic compounds 1026