- •Издательство «высшая школа» Москва — 1971
- •4И (Англ)
- •1 В общий словарь, помещенный после II части книги, эти слова включаются, как правило, лишь в тех случаях, когда они встречаются также в других разделах пособия.
- •I. Pilot-book (лоция) 1. Lights (огни)
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •I. Translate the following into Russian:
- •II. Find six pairs of words similar in meaning:
- •III. Give synonyms to:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •VIII. Read the following abbreviations in full and give their Rus- sian equivalents:
- •2. Buoys and beacons (буи и береговые знаки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Inverted с. [m'vaitid] конус, повернутый вершиной вниз
- •Expressions
- •Memorize the translation of the following sentences
- •The fairway is buoyed.
- •The fairway is unbuoyed.
- •Leave this buoy to starboard
- •Buoys and beacons a.
- •Exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •II. Form verbs from the following nouns and translate both the nouns and the verbs:
- •V. Fill in these blanks with the following prepositions:
- •VI. Analyse the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Dangers (опасности)
- •Vocabulary
- •Memorize the translation of the following sentences
- •Dangers
- •4. Anchorages (якорные стоянки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •To anchor closer in
- •To anchor with the tower
- •Anchorages
- •Exercises
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •5. Directions (наставления) vocabulary Слова, относящиеся к наставлениям
- •Expressions
- •Directions
- •I. Translate the following into Russian:
- •II. Select words of similar meaning:
- •IV. Give synonyms to:
- •V. Give antonyms to:
- •6. Tides and tidal streams (приливы, отливы и приливо-отливные течения)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •4. The tidal streams are felt in
- •5. The flood stream at springs
- •Tides and tidal streams
- •Exercises
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •The main stress is on the 3rd syllable
- •Port facilities
- •I. Give synonyms to:
- •II. Give antonyms to:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of the Infinitive Constructions;
- •II. Charts (карты) 1. Abbreviations (сокращения) Bottom (Грунт)
- •Volcanic white weed yellow
- •Examples
- •Buoys and Beacons (Буи и береговые знаки)
- •Examples
- •2. Headings (заголовки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Increase [in'kri:s] увеличивать
- •Expressions
- •2. For abbreviations see Chart No. 5011—сокращения см. На кар-
- •3. For details of Time Signals see in ... — подробности о сигналах
- •East schelde hook of schouwen to westkapelle from the netherland government surveys to 1939 with corrections to 1942
- •Orfordness and scheveningen to terschelling zeegat compiled from the latest admiralty and foreign government surveys with additions and corrections to 1941
- •3. Notes (примечания)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •4. Cautions (предостережения)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •The existence and positions of buoys cannot be relied on —
- •Cautions
- •III. List of lights (список огней) the admiralty list of lights fog signals and visual time signals volume 4
- •Corrected to 2nd May
- •London Published by the Hydrographic Department Admiralty
- •Introductory remarks lights
- •Lights, whose Colour does not alter
- •Showing a single flash at regular intervals, the duration of light being always less than that of darkness.
- •A steady light with, at regular intervals, a total eclipse; the duration of light being always less than that of darkness.
- •Iron tower 13
- •IV. Notices to mariners (извещения мореплавателям)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •Week ending 13th November, 1954
- •Numerical index of charts affected
- •2580. Admiralty publications new charts
- •2579. Admiralty publications — Admiralty List of Radio Signals, Vol. IV, 1954
- •2566. England, w. Coast — Blackpool — Wreck Buoy Westward withdrawn
- •2526. England, s. Coast — plymouth — Hamoaze-Jetty constructed; Dolphins established
- •2573. North sea — netherlands - (1) The Texel — Information about Wrecks
- •2572. North sea — netherlands — Ijmuiden - Wreck North-North-Westward
- •2519. France, n. Coast — Sandettfe Bank —Wreck
- •2569. France, w. Coast — Rade de Brest — Information about Wrecks and Light — Buoy
- •2525. Mediterranean — archipelago — naxos — Naxia Bay — Wreck removed
- •2521. Black sea — ussr — Novorossiisk Bay — Information about Lights and Beacons
- •2540. Japan — naikai — harima nada — Murotsu Ho Se-Non-existence of Wrecks in vicinity
- •2560. British columbia — dixon entrance — graham island — Rose Spit — Information about Light-and-Whistle-Buoy and Islet.
- •2531. United states, pacific coast — california — Los Angeles Harbour Information about Fog Signals
- •V. Weather reports (метеосводки)
- •Irish sea fastnet lundy ssw force 7 to gale force 8 stop rain and fog at first stop some bright periods tomorrow towards end of period visibility under half mile in fog
- •Current rips
- •VI. Excerpts fpom "the admiralty list of radio signals" (выдержки из „адмиралтейского списка радиосигналов")
- •Coast radio stations, medical and quarantine services, general regulations, etc.
- •Alphabetical list of call signs of coast radio stations
- •Distress signals
- •Alphabetical index of coast radio stations
- •Navigational aids
- •Systems, etc.
- •International Groups Radio Stations
- •Radio direction finding stations
- •Radio direction finding regulations
- •Suspension of radiobeacon services
- •Navigational assistance from radar stations
- •Radio time signals
- •Radio navigational warnings and ice reports service details
- •Ireland
- •II. R/t Transmissions
- •British ships' radio weather reports schedule
- •(Список наиболее важных сокращений, принятых в «Адмиралтейском списке радиосигналов»)
- •I.C.W. Interrupted continuous waves
- •4. Mooring
- •Is it clear astern?
- •Is all clear at the propeller?
- •I. Charter parties and bills of lading
- •Introduction
- •Voyage Charter
- •Exercises
- •II. Bill of lading No. 27
- •The following are the conditions and exceptions hereinbefore referred to:
- •III. Notices of readiness williamson & Co., ltd. Hong kong
- •Notice of readiness to load
- •IV. Ship's protest
- •V. Manifest of cargo
- •VI. English-russian vocabulary
- •In a. With в соответствии с
- •Inward с. ['inwad] импортный груз outward с. ['autwad] экспортный груз (зд. Груз по предыдущему рейсу)
- •In due с. [in 'dju:] в должное время
- •In d. Of при невыполнении чего-либо, за недостатком чего-либо
- •In d. Терпящий бедствие (о судне)
- •In f. Полностью fully ['full] вполне, целиком furnish ['farnif] снабжать, доставлять further [Чэ:5э] дальше, далее
- •Identify [ai'dentifai] опознавать illuminate [I'lu:mineit] освещать immediate [I'mi:dpt] немедленный, срочный
- •Imminent ['iminant] близкий, угрожающий
- •True m. [tru:] истинный меридиан
- •P. Boat [bout] лоцманский бот
- •In respect to [ns'pekt ta] в отношении
- •Identification s. [ai,dentifi'keijn] опознавательный сигнал
- •Visual time s-s ['vizjual taim] визуальные сигналы времени
- •6Yfr buoy
- •Iuap'ball
- •1. Instruments
- •Variation West
- •Variation East
- •2. Fundamentals of the use of radar
- •The radio wave
- •44 Cycle later than a.
- •Directivity of the transmitted wave
- •The propagation of waves
- •The radar horizon
- •Radar pulse being radiated Echoes from both buoys returning
- •Echo from Bi has reached scanner just before transmission has ceased
- •Transmission has ceased. Echo from b2 reaches scanner. Pulse-length 0.25 p-sec: 82 yards minimum range 41 yards Fig. 23. Minimum range
- •Diffraction
- •The display
- •Radar ranges plotted as position circles
- •Radar range and radar bearing
- •Radar range as a clearing line
- •Coasting in general
- •Visual and radar observation compared
- •The information required
- •The relative plot
- •Targets to be plotted
- •Range scale to use
- •Assumptions about the other ship
- •Good Visibility
- •Use in coastal waters
- •Use in pilotage waters
- •Reporting from the plot
- •Radar and the rule of the road at sea
- •Radar detection versus sighting
- •Ascertaining the position of a ship by radar
- •Radar and the steering rules
- •A conclusion
- •Radar brings responsibility
- •3. Azimuths
- •The sextant and its use
Radar ranges plotted as position circles
When it is possible to select three prominent isolated objects, separated in bearing by, say, 45°, an extremely accurate fix can be obtained. Usually when coasting, however, the navigator's prob
lem is to select suitable and identifiable portions of the paint of a coastline and plot their ranges as position circles. Since all parts of an indented coastline, except those lying at right angles to the observer's line of sight, will be to some extent distorted because of the beam-width of the aerial, care is necessary in selecting suitable points and in using the resulting observations. With 3 cm. radar the effect is not great but it should nevertheless be borne in mind when the choice of objects on which to range is made. The most suitable points on a coast-line which lie at right angles to the line of sight will often be those nearest the ship.
Lost in paint
Not painted
The distorting tendency of beam-width is illustrated in Fig. 25. The general effect is to broaden headlands, to fill in narrow indentations along the line of sight and to merge islands into the adjacent coast. The existence of shadow areas thrown over portions of bays hidden from the radar beam by high land adds to this effect. The general radar appearance of a strongly marked coastline will still resemble its actual form, but the detail will largely disappear and what remains will change considerably as the angle of view alters. As already remarked, portions of the coastline which are roughly at right angles to the line of sight will not be distorted and in the example illustrated, points Ay В and С should be suitable from this point of view for fixing by range circles. The ranges observed are laid off on the chart with compasses from the three points, using the appropriate part of the latitude scale, and the
circles will intersect or form a cocked hat at the ship's position. Naturally points should be chosen which are identifiable as accurately as possible and which are steep-to, so as to reduce to a minimum the errors due to the location of the source of the echo, and on this depends the advantage in accuracy of this method over the one which follows.
Radar range and radar bearing
The use of a radar range and radar bearing is listed as the method with the lowest accuracy of the three given because of the difficulties which have been referred to.
When the target is isolated and of small extent it is possible to make a fair estimate of the bearing of its centre, and if it is steep-to, an accurate range can be obtained. The same applies to the bearing of a narrow promontory jutting out in the direction of the ship.
When taking a radar bearing of the side of a prominent land feature, a fair degree of accuracy can be obtained by applying & correction of half the beam-width to the observed bearing in the direction of the land. This is necessary because the edges of a headland cause an echo to paint while they are illuminated by any portion of the beam. When the edge of the beam is touching the headland, the edge of the echo on the PPI will appear on the bearing of the centre of. the beam at that instant. The error will, therefore, be half the beam-width. As the effective beam-width is not a quantity which can be calculated with any accuracy it is not possible to give an exact correction, but the gain should be reduced when taking the bearing so as to reduce the error as much as possible. It should be noted that the direction of the extension of the land has nothing to do with the direction of rotation of the scanner.
It is necessary, therefore, to exercise considerable discretion when fixing by this method.
This will only make for safety if there are no dangers close to the track on other side. Whenever possible, confirmation of the position should be obtained by additional information such as a radar range of another point.