- •Издательство «высшая школа» Москва — 1971
- •4И (Англ)
- •1 В общий словарь, помещенный после II части книги, эти слова включаются, как правило, лишь в тех случаях, когда они встречаются также в других разделах пособия.
- •I. Pilot-book (лоция) 1. Lights (огни)
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •I. Translate the following into Russian:
- •II. Find six pairs of words similar in meaning:
- •III. Give synonyms to:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •VIII. Read the following abbreviations in full and give their Rus- sian equivalents:
- •2. Buoys and beacons (буи и береговые знаки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Inverted с. [m'vaitid] конус, повернутый вершиной вниз
- •Expressions
- •Memorize the translation of the following sentences
- •The fairway is buoyed.
- •The fairway is unbuoyed.
- •Leave this buoy to starboard
- •Buoys and beacons a.
- •Exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •II. Form verbs from the following nouns and translate both the nouns and the verbs:
- •V. Fill in these blanks with the following prepositions:
- •VI. Analyse the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Dangers (опасности)
- •Vocabulary
- •Memorize the translation of the following sentences
- •Dangers
- •4. Anchorages (якорные стоянки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •To anchor closer in
- •To anchor with the tower
- •Anchorages
- •Exercises
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •5. Directions (наставления) vocabulary Слова, относящиеся к наставлениям
- •Expressions
- •Directions
- •I. Translate the following into Russian:
- •II. Select words of similar meaning:
- •IV. Give synonyms to:
- •V. Give antonyms to:
- •6. Tides and tidal streams (приливы, отливы и приливо-отливные течения)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •4. The tidal streams are felt in
- •5. The flood stream at springs
- •Tides and tidal streams
- •Exercises
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •The main stress is on the 3rd syllable
- •Port facilities
- •I. Give synonyms to:
- •II. Give antonyms to:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of the Infinitive Constructions;
- •II. Charts (карты) 1. Abbreviations (сокращения) Bottom (Грунт)
- •Volcanic white weed yellow
- •Examples
- •Buoys and Beacons (Буи и береговые знаки)
- •Examples
- •2. Headings (заголовки)
- •Vocabulary
- •Increase [in'kri:s] увеличивать
- •Expressions
- •2. For abbreviations see Chart No. 5011—сокращения см. На кар-
- •3. For details of Time Signals see in ... — подробности о сигналах
- •East schelde hook of schouwen to westkapelle from the netherland government surveys to 1939 with corrections to 1942
- •Orfordness and scheveningen to terschelling zeegat compiled from the latest admiralty and foreign government surveys with additions and corrections to 1941
- •3. Notes (примечания)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •4. Cautions (предостережения)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •The existence and positions of buoys cannot be relied on —
- •Cautions
- •III. List of lights (список огней) the admiralty list of lights fog signals and visual time signals volume 4
- •Corrected to 2nd May
- •London Published by the Hydrographic Department Admiralty
- •Introductory remarks lights
- •Lights, whose Colour does not alter
- •Showing a single flash at regular intervals, the duration of light being always less than that of darkness.
- •A steady light with, at regular intervals, a total eclipse; the duration of light being always less than that of darkness.
- •Iron tower 13
- •IV. Notices to mariners (извещения мореплавателям)
- •Vocabulary
- •Expressions
- •Week ending 13th November, 1954
- •Numerical index of charts affected
- •2580. Admiralty publications new charts
- •2579. Admiralty publications — Admiralty List of Radio Signals, Vol. IV, 1954
- •2566. England, w. Coast — Blackpool — Wreck Buoy Westward withdrawn
- •2526. England, s. Coast — plymouth — Hamoaze-Jetty constructed; Dolphins established
- •2573. North sea — netherlands - (1) The Texel — Information about Wrecks
- •2572. North sea — netherlands — Ijmuiden - Wreck North-North-Westward
- •2519. France, n. Coast — Sandettfe Bank —Wreck
- •2569. France, w. Coast — Rade de Brest — Information about Wrecks and Light — Buoy
- •2525. Mediterranean — archipelago — naxos — Naxia Bay — Wreck removed
- •2521. Black sea — ussr — Novorossiisk Bay — Information about Lights and Beacons
- •2540. Japan — naikai — harima nada — Murotsu Ho Se-Non-existence of Wrecks in vicinity
- •2560. British columbia — dixon entrance — graham island — Rose Spit — Information about Light-and-Whistle-Buoy and Islet.
- •2531. United states, pacific coast — california — Los Angeles Harbour Information about Fog Signals
- •V. Weather reports (метеосводки)
- •Irish sea fastnet lundy ssw force 7 to gale force 8 stop rain and fog at first stop some bright periods tomorrow towards end of period visibility under half mile in fog
- •Current rips
- •VI. Excerpts fpom "the admiralty list of radio signals" (выдержки из „адмиралтейского списка радиосигналов")
- •Coast radio stations, medical and quarantine services, general regulations, etc.
- •Alphabetical list of call signs of coast radio stations
- •Distress signals
- •Alphabetical index of coast radio stations
- •Navigational aids
- •Systems, etc.
- •International Groups Radio Stations
- •Radio direction finding stations
- •Radio direction finding regulations
- •Suspension of radiobeacon services
- •Navigational assistance from radar stations
- •Radio time signals
- •Radio navigational warnings and ice reports service details
- •Ireland
- •II. R/t Transmissions
- •British ships' radio weather reports schedule
- •(Список наиболее важных сокращений, принятых в «Адмиралтейском списке радиосигналов»)
- •I.C.W. Interrupted continuous waves
- •4. Mooring
- •Is it clear astern?
- •Is all clear at the propeller?
- •I. Charter parties and bills of lading
- •Introduction
- •Voyage Charter
- •Exercises
- •II. Bill of lading No. 27
- •The following are the conditions and exceptions hereinbefore referred to:
- •III. Notices of readiness williamson & Co., ltd. Hong kong
- •Notice of readiness to load
- •IV. Ship's protest
- •V. Manifest of cargo
- •VI. English-russian vocabulary
- •In a. With в соответствии с
- •Inward с. ['inwad] импортный груз outward с. ['autwad] экспортный груз (зд. Груз по предыдущему рейсу)
- •In due с. [in 'dju:] в должное время
- •In d. Of при невыполнении чего-либо, за недостатком чего-либо
- •In d. Терпящий бедствие (о судне)
- •In f. Полностью fully ['full] вполне, целиком furnish ['farnif] снабжать, доставлять further [Чэ:5э] дальше, далее
- •Identify [ai'dentifai] опознавать illuminate [I'lu:mineit] освещать immediate [I'mi:dpt] немедленный, срочный
- •Imminent ['iminant] близкий, угрожающий
- •True m. [tru:] истинный меридиан
- •P. Boat [bout] лоцманский бот
- •In respect to [ns'pekt ta] в отношении
- •Identification s. [ai,dentifi'keijn] опознавательный сигнал
- •Visual time s-s ['vizjual taim] визуальные сигналы времени
- •6Yfr buoy
- •Iuap'ball
- •1. Instruments
- •Variation West
- •Variation East
- •2. Fundamentals of the use of radar
- •The radio wave
- •44 Cycle later than a.
- •Directivity of the transmitted wave
- •The propagation of waves
- •The radar horizon
- •Radar pulse being radiated Echoes from both buoys returning
- •Echo from Bi has reached scanner just before transmission has ceased
- •Transmission has ceased. Echo from b2 reaches scanner. Pulse-length 0.25 p-sec: 82 yards minimum range 41 yards Fig. 23. Minimum range
- •Diffraction
- •The display
- •Radar ranges plotted as position circles
- •Radar range and radar bearing
- •Radar range as a clearing line
- •Coasting in general
- •Visual and radar observation compared
- •The information required
- •The relative plot
- •Targets to be plotted
- •Range scale to use
- •Assumptions about the other ship
- •Good Visibility
- •Use in coastal waters
- •Use in pilotage waters
- •Reporting from the plot
- •Radar and the rule of the road at sea
- •Radar detection versus sighting
- •Ascertaining the position of a ship by radar
- •Radar and the steering rules
- •A conclusion
- •Radar brings responsibility
- •3. Azimuths
- •The sextant and its use
1. Instruments
observed)
Introduction. The navigator of a ship uses distances, bearings, courses, time, and rates at every turn. How does he measure these quantities? When far from land how does he know the direction north? How does he know how fast the ship is steaming? How does he find the bearing of an object and its distance? How does he find the azimuth of a star and its altitude? With instruments. This chapter describes briefly some of the most important instruments used on shipboard and indicates the reason why they are effective. Before these instruments are described, we shall define precisely some of the quantities measured by them.
Half line
Fig. 2
(Ob server'i position)
Fig- 1
Definitions. The direction angle of a line segment (or ray) emanating from a point on the earth's surface is the inclination of the line to some reference line. It is measured clockwise from 0° at the reference line to 360° (See Fig. 1).
Three reference lines used in this connection are discussed in appropriate parts of this chapter. From a point (observer's position) on the earth's surface the bearing of another (object observed) is the direction angle of the line (line of sight) connecting the first point with the second (See Fig. 2).
The course С is the direction prescribed for the ship's movement or progress. It is defined also as the direction angle of the
line along which the ship sails from one place to another (See Fig. 3).
The ship's heading (S. H) is the direction angle of the line (or ray) containing the keel (assumed horizontal) at any particular moment (See Fig. 4).
Ship's keel Fig. 4
True (geographic) meridians are semi-great circles of the earth passing through the north and south geographic poles.
True north is toward the geographic north pole along the tangent to the true meridian of the observer.
True
North
True
course
True
direction angle
line
Observer
i
True North
Fig. 5
Direction angle, bearing, course, and heading when referred to the true (geographic) meridian are called respectively, true direction angle, true bearing, true course and true" heading (See Fig. 5).
The compass. The compass is one of the most important instruments used by a navigator because it indicates direction. For centuries it has been the principal source of that knowledge of direction upon which the navigation and the safety of ships depend.
There are two general types of compasses, the gyro compass and the magnetic compass. Attached to each is a compass card.
Radio direction finder. This instrument consists essentially of a large coil A (See Fig. 6) connected to a dial, which registers the direction of an incoming radio wave. In operating a radio direction finder the coil is revolved until the reception is minimum and the direction of the beam is then read from the dial. Radio beams are sent out by shore stations located at intervals along the coasts.
Magnetic compass. The magnetic compass is an instrument consisting usually of a group of magnets, attached to a compass card pivoted at the center and allowed to swing freely in a horizontal plane. The needles point in the direction of the earth's lines of force when not affected by magnetic disturbances within the ship. Modern compasses are set in a bowl filled with liquid to steady the card. On the inner surface of this bowl is marked a vertical line called the lubber's line. The compass is so mounted that a plane containing the pivot and the lubber's line is parallel to the keel (considered horizontal) of the ship. Hence the reading on the card opposite the lubber's line is the ship's heading with reference to the axis of the compass card. The bowl is mounted in a binnacle. Compensating magnets contained in the binnacle and hollow iron spheres mounted on either side of the compass reduce certain compass errors.
Azimuth circle. An azimuth circle is a graduated ring made to fit over the compass bowl, and free to turn about a vertical axis coinciding with the vertical axis of the bowl. It is used to measure the bearings of objects and the azimuth (bearing) of the sun. On the azimuth circle the rays of the sun are received upon a convex mirror, and reflected through a right-angled prism on the opposite side of the ring to the lens below, appearing on the card as a bright bar of light upon the graduations. This can readily be seen when the sun is much obscured, enabling accurate readings to be made. At right angles to this are placed the usual sight vanes and the reflector for dim sun observations, or for taking bearings. One of these vanes attached to the other circumference of the ring has a peep sight, the other diametrically opposite it has a vertical sighting wire. The double arrangement enables the circle to be tested for accuracy by comparing one reading with the other. The inner rim of the circle is graduated from 0° to 360°.
P e 1 о r u s. A pelorus is essentially a compass without magnets and equipped with an azimuth circle. It facilitates the observing of bearings from convenient positions on the ship. A portable type mounted in a square wooden box may be moved to any position. More elaborate instruments are permanently mounted at points on the ship that afford a clear vision, as on the winds of the bridge.
Definitions. At any place on the earth's surface the line having the direction assumed by a compass needle when under the influence of the earth's magnetic force only is called the magnetic
meridian of that place. For example, if at sea a compass were placed on a wooden ship containing no iron or other magnetic- substance, the compass needle would point in the direction of the magnetic meridian. It is to be regreted that the word meridian is used in this sense as one generally associates meridian with a semigreat circle. Perhaps a better name for magnetic meridian would be magnetic line.
Magnetic north is in the general direction of north along the magnetic meridian of the observer.