Exercises

I. Translate the following into Russian:

Close southward. Off the northern shore of K. Small vessels anchor close in. These winds send in a heavy sea.

II. Give synonyms to:

Abreast, rate, inlet, to bring up, to moor, to obtain, bright, place, some.

III. Give antonyms to:

Easterly, the worst, high, summer, well, the same, to open, to take, to decrease.

IV. Find 11 pairs of words and phrases that are opposite in meaning:

Sheltered, the former, safe, good holding ground, large, weak, unprotected, shallow, inner, small, the latter, narrow, foul ground, protected, dangerous, short, strong, outer, deep, wide, long, exposed.

V. State what parts of speech the following words are and give their meaning:

Enter, entrance, local, locality, dark, darkness, inconvenience, inconvenient, distant, distance, complete, completely, danger, dangerous, secure, security, extreme, extremity.

VI. Explain the use of -mg-forms in §§ 34, 35, 36, and 37.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of the Participial Absolute Construction:

1. The channel being only 1V₂ cables wide, great caution is neccessary here.

2. All the passengers having left at В., no others came on board.

3. J. Island lies southward of Ch. Point, its coasts being very steep.

4. Dolgaya Bay is only open to north-westward, the best anchorage being under the northern shore, behind the Lord Islets.

5. The entrance between L. Spit and M. Point is 2³/₄ cables wide, the sides being connected by a bar.

6. The eastern coast of Jutland contains a number of good harbours, the long fiords penetrating far inland.

7. The channel between B. and D. is from 2V₂ to 3³/₄ cables in width, the land being low on both sides.

8. The channel is 11 miles long, its breadth being a quarter of a mile.

9. The current divides into 2 branches, the larger running northward.

10. The western stream sets to the south-east, its velocity being 1V₂ knots.

11. The wind blowing on shore, we must give this rocky point a good berth.

12. Between L. and J. the channel has its least breadth, it being narrowed by shoals.

13. The channel being very difficult, we had to send for a pilot.

14. The anchorage being sheltered from all winds, ships always use it.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meaning of the words close and to close:

1. This rocky shoal is marked on its north-eastern side by a red and white banded buoy, with ball; it is also marked by a black staff close north-eastward of this buoy.

2. The lock gates are open about an hour before high water and close very shortly after high water.

3. When a vessel is too close to the icebreaker, the latter will display astern a red flag by day or a red light at night.

4. For the first miles northward of B. the banks extend for a distance of about 3 cables off shore, but afterwards they close the land.

5. Ice and light-vessel signals are made from a house, close northward of F. Lighthouse.

1. From the beginning to the closing of the ice period reports will be published daily except on Sunday and holidays.

6. There is a signal station at K. situated on a hill close to the lighthouse.

7. On the close of navigation in the autumn in consequence of ice, the light-vessel and buoys are replaced by temporary sea' marks.

8. Ice signals are made from a house close northward of P. Lighthouse.

10. The 3-fathom line lies about a mile off shore; thence to the southward it closes the land.

IX. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meaning of the word off:

1. Anchorage may be obtained off the south side of T.

2. L. Island lying off the coast of Eastern Siberia is a large and inaccessible group.

3. Rocks which dry extend 3V₂ cables off the point westward of the entrance.

4. A bank extends about 2 cables off the outer part of the north shore, and one cable off the inner part.

5. Off the south-east side of T. anchorage with good shelter from northerly winds may be obtained in depths of from 3 to 5 fathoms with good holding ground.

6. K. Islets, two in number, lie from a half to one cable off the south shore of the bay about 1V₂ miles above M. Island.

7. There is a black stone beacon with a white stripe on F. off the west entrance.

8. Vessels lie well off the pier in depths of 4³/₄ to 6 fathoms over blue mud.

9. Vessels can anchor off H. Harbour but only on the south side of the channel.

10. Within the entrance, shoals extend about 3 cables off shore between T. and B.

11. The north-west extreme of the shoal water off B. is marked by a red staff with upturned broom.

12. A reef extending nearly half a cable off the point on the east side of H. is foul to nearly 2 cables off shore.

13. The dangers off the north-eastern coast of L. are all within 1V₂ miles of the land; but those to the eastward in the inner part of V. extend from 2 to 5 miles off the south side of H.

14. When a light-ship is off her station, she lowers her day-marks when practicable and hoists a large flag on her foremast.

X. Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of anchorages do you know?

2. Are there any safe anchorages in the Baltic?

1. Are there any good anchorages near the port of Leningrad?

2. May vessels change anchorages without permission of the Harbour Authorities?

3. Is fine sand a good holding ground?

4. What kinds of bottom do you know?