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3 An annual report

Complete the extract choosing from these verbs. There are more verbs than necessary.

delay choose improve give make stabilise hinder

Last year the international situation in the hydrocarbons industry …..…….………… to some extent.

However, the volatile foreign exchange rates …………………. currency management more difficult and relatively weak demand …………………… expansion projects. We therefore ………………. to focus our efforts on specific opportunities where our know-how ………………….. us a technical advantage

over particularly aggressive competition. As a result we propose doubling our dividend.

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Present perfect

Form

+ I/You/We/They have worked. He/She/It has worked.

- I/You/ /We/They haven't worked.

He/She/It hasn’t worked

? Have l/you/we/they worked?

Has he/she/it worked?

Uses

1 We use the present perfect to:

• talk about actions that continue from the past to the present.

We have been in this business for over 50 years. (= We are still in business.)

• talk about past events that have an impact in the present.

Recently profits have fallen sharply because of strong competition.

Genova has had to cut costs by reorganising the workforce.

• talk about life experiences.

He's worked in a number of different firms.

I've been to London on many occasions.

She's never had to lead a team before. (= in her life up to now)

2 Because the time reference includes the present, we use time expressions that refer to both present and past.

So far, we have captured 30% of the market.

This week, I've written three long reports.

Over the last few days, I have had too much work to do.

Present perfect versus past simple

  1. We use the past simple for completed actions that happened in the past.

Capricorn opened its first store in 1984.

  1. Because the time reference is past, we use time expressions that refer to finished past time.

Last year we increased turnover by 15%.

Five years ago, we didn't have an overseas subsidiary.

She joined the company three months ago.

  1. The decision to use the past simple or present perfect depends on how we see

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the event. If we see it as related to the present, we use the present perfect. If we see it as completed and in the past, we use the past simple.

I've known Bill for many years. (= We are still in touch.

I knew Bill when I was at college. (= We don't keep in touch.)

EXERCISES

Answer the questions about the sentences in italics.

1 She has worked in Warsaw for five years.

• Does she work in Warsaw now?

2 She worked in London for three years.

• Does she work in London now?

Which sentence (1 or 2) uses the past simple? Which uses the present perfect?

We use the past simple:

• to talk about completed actions that happened in the past.

They worked over last weekend to meet the deadline.

• to refer to a definite moment or period in the past.

They made the presentation on Monday.

The present perfect connects the past and the present.

We use the present perfect:

• to talk about past actions that affect us now.

Our company has just introduced flexitime and everyone's delighted.

• to talk about life experiences.

I've worked with many companies where stress was a problem.

• to announce news.

The CEO has appointed a new management team.