- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 service industry
- •Assignments
- •St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
- •Words and expressions
- •Service industry
- •Words and expressions
- •Which are personal qualities required for working in the service industry?
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •The Sights
- •Cathedrals, Churches and Monasteries
- •Bridges
- •Theatres
- •Festivals
- •The suburbs
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indefinite pronouns some / any and their derivatives
- •Things to do
- •Unit 3 higher education in the uk
- •Assignments
- •Types of English universities
- •Entrance to British universities
- •The university system in Britain
- •Variety of other British higher institutions
- •Words and expressions
- •1. At an International Conference.
- •2. A Television Interview.
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 4 higher education in the usa
- •Assignments
- •Categories of institution in the usa
- •Involvement in learning
- •Changes in American higher education
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 5 political system in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Political system of the usa
- •The us Constitution
- •The Legislative Branch
- •The Executive Branch
- •The Judicial Branch
- •Major Political Parties
- •Elections
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Travelling by air
- •Words and expressions
- •Travelling by train
- •Britain Rail’s Services
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 7 at the customs
- •Assignments
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 8 meals
- •Meals and Mealtimes in Britain
- •Sunday Roast
- •Eating out in London
- •Restaurants
- •International and fusion cuisine
- •Fast food
- •Ordering food
- •Grammar exercises
- •2. Be a host and a guest in turns.
- •3. Project Work:
- •Unit 9 accommodation
- •How to book
- •Classification
- •Yha Hostels
- •Independent Hostels
- •University Accommodation
- •Bed and Breakfast
- •Guesthouses
- •Rental Accommodation
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 10 london
- •Assignments
- •Buckingham Palace
- •Houses of Parliament
- •Westminster Abbey
- •St. Paul’s Cathedral
- •Trafalgar Square
- •Nelson`s Column
- •The Tower of London
- •Piccadilly Circus
- •Shakespeare`s Globe Theatre
- •Covent Garden
- •Downing Street
- •The Charles Dickens Museum
- •Neasden Temple
- •Royal parks
- •British Library
- •Changing the Guard
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indirect Speech
- •Order tell ask beg suggest
- •Things to do
- •Unit 11 shopping
- •Shopping in London
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Marks & Spencer Britain's Favourite Store
- •How did it all begin?
- •What are the best-sellers?
- •Why is m&s so successful?
- •I’m not a shopaholic!
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •The media
- •National and local newspapers in the usa
- •Radio and television in the usa
- •The press in the uk
- •Television and Radio in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Machine Dreams
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Infinitive
- •Things to do
- •Grammar reference present forms Present Simple
- •Present Continuous
- •State verbs
- •Present Perfect
- •Present Perfect Continuous
- •Past forms The past forms of be
- •Past Simple
- •Past continuous
- •Past Perfect
- •Past Perfect Continuous
- •Future forms
- •The Future Simple
- •Going to, planning to
- •The Present Continuous
- •The Present Simple
- •The Future Continuous
- •The Future Perfect
- •The Future Perfect Continuous
- •Articles
- •Adjectives
- •Pronouns
- •Some/Any/No
- •A little/Little
- •Modal verbs
- •Functions of modal verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
- •Reported speech
- •1 Change of tenses
- •2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting
- •3 Word order in reported questions
- •Conditionals
- •Infinitive – gerund – participles The Infinitive
- •The Gerund
- •The Participles
- •Suffixes Common suffixes for nouns
- •Common suffixes for adjectives
- •Prefixes used to form opposites
- •Other prefixes which change meaning
- •Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
- •191015, Г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кавалергардская, д. 7
A little/Little
A little/Little are used with uncountable nouns (tea, money, etc.).
A little means not much, but enough.
She’s got a little money. She can go shopping.
Little means hardly any, almost none.
We’ve got (very) little time. We must hurry.
A few / Few
A few /Few are used with plural countable nouns (books, plates, etc.).
A few means not many, but enough.
I’ve got a few friends, so I am not lonely.(positive idea)
Few means hardly any, almost none
I’m sad and I am lonely. I’ve got few friends. (negative idea)
.
Modal verbs
A list of the modal verbs in English:
|
can |
could |
may |
might |
will |
|
would |
must |
shall |
should |
ought to |
Modals are different from normal verbs:
1 They are followed by the infinitive without to, except for ought to.
We must be at the airport by seven
You should try this ice-cream – it’s delicious.
But: You ought to be more careful.
2 There is no do/does in the questions.
Can I help you?
When shall I phone you?
3 The form is the same for all persons. There is no -s in the third person
singular.
She must be tired.
She can’t be at home.
4 To form the negative, add n’t. There is no don’t/doesn’t.
You can’t use the gym between 1.00 and 2.00.
Functions of modal verbs
|
Modal verbs are used to express:
|
|
Ability – Lack of ability Kim is five years old. She can read and write. When she was three, she could count to ten. She couldn’t reach the top shelf, even though she tried. She couldn’t swim fast when she was young. |
|
Permission Asking for permission Can I open the window, please? (informal) Could I open the window, please? (more polite) May/Might I open the window, please? (formal) Giving permission You can leave your luggage here. (informal) You may leave your luggage in this area. (formal) Refusing permission You can’t/mustn’t park here. (informal) You may not park in this area. (formal, usually written notice) |
|
Requests Can you help me, please? (informal) Will you get me my glasses, please? (familiar) Could you make me some tea? (polite request) May I have a glass of water? (formal request) |
|
Offers I’ll do the shopping if you like. Shall I help you with your luggage? |
|
Suggestions Shall we go to the theatre? We can/could go to the pub if you like. |
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Advice You should stop smoking. (it is the best thing to do; I advise you to) You ought to treat animals kindly. (ought to is sometimes used for advice based on laws, rules or generally accepted ideas) Shall I tell him the truth? (asking for advice) |
|
Criticism You shouldn’t have been rude to her yesterday. (but you were) You should have locked the car before leaving. (but you didn’t) |
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Obligation and Necessity I must lose some weight. (I say so) We ought to respect environment. (it’s the right thing to do) |
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Prohibition You can’t park here. You mustn’t tell anyone. |
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Logical assumption, possibility and probability |
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Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical assumptions. |
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It is Sunday. He must be at home. (I’m sure he is at home.) |
|
Can’t and couldn’t are used in negations and expresses negative logical assumptions. |
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It is Sunday. He can’t/couldn’t be at work. (I’m sure he isn’t at work.) |
|
I’m sure she knows him well. |
She must know him well. |
|
It is possible that he’s working late tonight. |
He could be working late tonight. |
|
I’m sure she’ll be working tomorrow. |
She must be working tomorrow. |
|
I’m sure he didn’t know the truth. |
He can’t have known the truth. |
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Perhaps they have missed the bus. |
They might have missed the bus. |
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It’s possible he had got lost. |
He may have got lost. |
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I’m certain he was sleeping. |
He must have been sleeping. |
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Perhaps she has been lying. |
She may have been lying. |
|
It’s likely they had been hiding. |
They could have been hiding. |