30. Дополните вопросы и попросите вашего сокурсника ответить на них.

1. What you about Adam Smith and David

Ricardo? (say, know)

2. When Adam Smith ? (be born)

3. What university Adam Smith to? (go)

4. What Adam Smith between 1764 and 1766? (do)

5. Who(m) Adam Smith while in France? (meet)

6. Who he by? (influence)

7. What he down to write on his return from

France? (sit)

8. What full title Adam Smith to his book? (give)

9. When it ? (publish)

10. What the key question of this book? (be)

31. Расскажите о жизни и деятельности Адама Смита.

В

32. Прочитайте текст в про себя и скажите по-русски, чем вызвана необходимость реструктуризации в угледобывающей промышленности сша. Слова для понимания текста:

capital-intensive — капиталоемкий

to respond — отвечать, реагировать

uncertainty — ненадежность, неуверенность

externalities — внешние эффекты

costs — расходы, издержки

competency — правомочность

utilities — pi предприятия общественного

пользования

drive — зд. тенденция

law — закон

loan — заем

to hamper — препятствовать, мешать

to encourage — поощрять

to assure — гарантировать

ТЕКСТ В US Coal Industry Today

.New competition ftpm international Purees and more strict enviriinrr\fentarre!giimtil)hs^Jare the reasons the coal industry is a major restructuring. This competition means that cost increases

'

256

cannot⁷ Ъе* passed through automatically. Jt means pressure on utilities to reduce power costs. It njeans umo^Se^^ompanies^ust become more capital-intensiye to reduce' latxmrcosts" that aVe out of control. It means pushing¹ cost reductions through the entire supply chain: from power generation, to coal transportation, to coal production. This pressure of competition started in the early 1980s a^nd has affected all aspects of the supply chain.

It'snouftf be noted that there are four fundamental reasons for the restructuring and consolidation of the coal industry. The first is theneed t^'reauc^.coets^ £pinbmmg companies can creaip greater, efficiency by «moving ^ificjaj J>arries and eliminating* duplication". The market-plac^ iielnancfs lower¹ costs. Technological aSfvakcres enable the industry to achieve lower costs.

The second reaspn for restmctyjri.ng^is the^n^ed for higher capitalization fo respond to changing consump'tion patterns, -r,_i(.,,,,

The ^ird. reaspn for restructuring the coal industry is the uncertainty" surrounding the^coal and electricity generating industries. The^e_p uncertainties encompass global climate change and externalities. But they also include expectations' on electricity demand'grbwiifi and natural gas price trends.

The fourth reason is the recognition that industries must focus on their core competencies to^rremain c6nip^e'tillve. ' ^^ _{r kp}^ Soothe request for lower costs, ^changed co'n'sumptio^^/pafterns', uncertainty in future 'reg^ilatldri and the return to core competencies are the^riying factors Чняшм! the ^gomg iriSustry restructuruig. The drive^Уюг efficiency is of utmost importance.

The US coal industry is no longer an 'island'. It clihip'etes with coal internationally and competes with other fuels, such as natural gas.

The drive to improve ^fficiency within the coal and electricity- generating industries has been slowed by government actions,and organizations that have other perspectives. For example, inefficient unproductive mines remain' in the coal industry if the owners of these mines reicogiiize that „they cannot ⁶survive in a competitive environment. They, try to ipde behind government protection, such as subsidized Ip^cpst ₍loans/ >, , j - k; ^ • Л •, .,

^<t! °Union lead^s inast ian work rales, established in a previous era, that now hamper' productivity 4»provements.

Thus, inefficient producers, labour leaders and government regula­tors have become the fficfton' that can stop forward progress until natural competitive forces overcome, the friction andjemstate progress.

Unit 10 257

i concen]| of US..energy policy isnQ longer tp

:, s'tafele' Supply o'f'ejftergy but raftieV to iciiieVe

, The principal assure a low-cost^

the objective of limiting greenhouse gas~ emissfo'ns rtgarless of cost. SO₂ emissions will come⁴Sown' ovbrtlme as older plants are repowered.

The nation's current national energy policy discourages the use of coal for electricity generation Vftffle encouraging the use of other

. . '

energy sources, such as natural gas. - '