- •About the Authors
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Basics
- •Chemistry
- •Physical Chemistry
- •Biomolecules
- •Carbohydrates
- •Lipids
- •Amino Acids
- •Peptides and Proteins
- •Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- •Metabolism
- •Enzymes
- •Metabolic Regulation
- •Energy Metabolism
- •Carbohydrate Metabolism
- •Lipid Metabolism
- •Protein Metabolism
- •Nucleotide Metabolism
- •Porphyrin Metabolism
- •Organelles
- •Basics
- •Cytoskeleton
- •Nucleus
- •Mitochondria
- •Biological Membranes
- •Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
- •Lysosomes
- •Molecular Genetics
- •Genetic engineering
- •Tissues and organs
- •Digestion
- •Blood
- •Immune system
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •Muscle
- •Connective tissue
- •Brain and Sensory Organs
- •Nutrition
- •Nutrients
- •Vitamins
- •Hormones
- •Hormonal system
- •Lipophilic hormones
- •Hydrophilic hormones
- •Other signaling substances
- •Growth and development
- •Cell proliferation
- •Viruses
- •Metabolic charts
- •Annotated enzyme list
- •Abbreviations
- •Quantities and units
- •Further reading
- •Source credits
- •Index
- •Introduction
- •Basics
- •Biomolecules
- •Carbohydrates
- •Lipids
- •Metabolism
- •Organelles
- •Cytoskeleton
- •Nucleus
- •Lysosomes
- •Molecular Genetics
- •Genetic engineering
- •Tissues and organs
- •Digestion
- •Immune system
- •Nutrition
- •Vitamins
- •Hormones
- •Lipophilic hormones
- •Hydrophilic hormones
- •Growth and development
- •Viruses
- •Metabolic charts
- •Annotated enzyme list
- •Abbreviations
- •Quantities and units
- •Further reading
- •Source credits
- •Index
Abbreviations 431
Abbreviations
Abbreviations for amino acids, p.60
For bases and nucleosides, p.80
For monosaccharides, p.38
AA |
Amino acid |
FAD |
Flavin adenine dinucleotide |
ACE |
Angiotensin-converting en- |
Fd |
Ferredoxin |
|
zyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) |
FFA |
Free fatty acid |
ACP |
Acyl carrier protein |
fMet |
N-formylmethionine |
ACTH |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
FMN |
Flavin mononucleotide |
|
(corticotropin) |
Fp |
Flavoprotein (containing FMN |
ADH |
Antidiuretic hormone (adiure- |
|
or FAD) |
|
tin, vasopressin) |
GABA |
γ-Aminobutyric acid |
ADP |
Adenosine 5 -diphosphate |
GDP |
Guanosine 5 -diphosphate |
AIDS |
Acquired immunodeficiency |
Glut |
Glucose transporter |
|
syndrome |
GMP |
Guanosine 5 -monophosphate |
ALA |
5-Aminolevulinic acid |
GSH |
Reduced glutathione |
AMP |
Adenosine 5 -monophosphate |
GSSG |
Oxidized glutathione |
ANF |
Atrial natriuretic factor |
GTP |
Guanosine 5 -triphosphate |
ANP |
Atrial natriuretic peptide |
h |
hour |
|
(= ANF) |
HAT medium Medium containing hypoxan- |
|
ATP |
Adenosine 5 -triphosphate |
|
thine, aminopterin, and thymi- |
AVP |
Arginine vasopressin |
|
dine |
b |
Base |
Hb |
Hemoglobin |
bp |
Base pair |
HDL |
High-density lipoprotein |
BPG |
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate |
HIV |
Human immunodeficiency |
cAMP |
3 ,5 -Cyclic AMP |
|
virus |
CAP |
Catabolite activator protein |
HLA |
Human leukocyte-associated |
CDK |
Cyclin-dependent protein |
|
antigen |
|
kinase (in cell cycle) |
HMG-CoA |
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- |
cDNA |
Complementary DNA |
|
CoA |
CDP |
Cytidine 5 -diphosphate |
HMP |
Hexose monophosphate path- |
cGMP |
3 ,5 -Cyclic GMP |
|
way |
CIA |
Chemoluminescence immuno- |
hnRNA |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribo- |
|
assay |
|
nucleic acid |
CMP |
Cytidine 5 -monophosphate |
HPLC |
High-performance liquid chro- |
CoA |
Coenzyme A |
|
matography |
CoQ |
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) |
hsp |
Heat-shock protein |
CSF |
colony-stimulating factor |
IDL |
Intermediate-density lipopro- |
CTP |
Cytidine 5 -triphosphate |
|
tein |
d |
Deoxy- |
IF |
Intermediary filament |
Da |
Dalton (atomic mass unit) |
IFN |
Interferon |
DAG |
Diacylglycerol |
Ig |
Immunoglobulin |
dd |
Dideoxy- |
IL |
Interleukin |
DH |
Dehydrogenase |
InsP3 |
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate |
DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
IPTG |
Isopropylthiogalactoside |
dsDNA |
Double-stranded DNA |
IRS |
Insulin-receptor substrate |
EA |
Ethanolamine |
kDa |
Kilodalton (103 atomic mass |
EIA |
Enzyme-linked immunoassay |
|
units) |
ER |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
Km |
Michaelis constant |
432 |
Abbreviations |
|
|
LDH |
Lactate dehydrogenase |
QH2 |
Reduced coenzyme Q (ubiqui- |
LDL |
Low-density lipoprotein |
|
nol) |
M |
Molarity (mol L–1) |
R |
Gas constant |
Mab |
Monoclonal antibody |
rER |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
MAP kinase Mitogen-activated protein |
RES |
Reticuloendothelial system |
|
|
kinase |
RFLP |
Restriction fragment length |
MHC |
Major histocompatability |
|
polymorphism |
|
complex |
RIA |
Radioimmunoassay |
MPF |
Maturation-promoting factor |
RNA |
Ribonucleic acid |
mRNA |
Messenger ribonucleic acid |
ROS |
Reactive oxygen species |
N |
Nucleotide with any base |
RP |
Reversed phase (of silica gel) |
NAD+ |
Oxidized nicotinamide adenine |
rRNA |
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid |
|
dinucleotide |
S |
Svedberg (unit of sedimenta- |
NADH |
Reduced nicotinamide adenine |
|
tion coef cient) |
NADP+ |
dinucleotide |
SAH |
S-adenosyl L-homocysteine |
Oxidized nicotinamide adenine |
SAM |
S-adenosyl L-methionine |
|
|
dinucleotide phosphate |
SDS |
Sodium dodecylsulfate |
NADPH |
Reduced nicotinamide adenine |
sER |
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum |
|
dinucleotide phosphate |
sn |
Stereospecific numbering |
NeuAc |
N-acetylneuraminic acid |
snRNA |
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid |
nm |
Nanometer (10–9 m) |
SR |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
ODH |
2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase |
ssDNA |
Single-stranded DNA |
PAGE |
Polyacrylamide gel electropho- |
TBG |
Thyroxine-binding globulin |
|
resis |
THB |
Tetrahydrobiopterin |
Pan |
Pantetheine |
THF |
Tetrahydrofolate |
PAPS |
Phosphoadenosine |
TLC |
Thin-layer chromatography |
|
phosphosulfate |
TPP |
Thiamine diphosphate |
PCR |
Polymerase chain reaction |
TRH |
Thyrotropin-releasing hor- |
PDH |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase |
|
mone (thyroliberin) |
PEG |
Polyethylene glycol |
Tris |
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminome- |
PEP |
Phosphoenolpyruvate |
|
thane |
pH |
pH value |
tRNA |
Transfer ribonucleic acid |
Pi |
Inorganic phosphate |
TSH |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
PK |
Protein kinase |
|
(thyrotropin) |
PLP |
Pyridoxal phosphate |
UDP |
Uridine 5 -diphosphate |
PP |
Protein phosphatase |
UMP |
Uridine 5 -monophosphate |
PPP |
Pentose phosphate pathway |
UTP |
Uridine 5 -triphosphate |
PQ |
Plastoquinone |
UV |
Ultraviolet radiation |
PRPP |
5-Phosphoribosyl 1-diphos- |
Vmax, V |
Maximal velocity (of an |
|
phate |
|
enzyme) |
PS |
Photosystem |
VLDL |
Very-low-density lipoprotein |
PTH |
Parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Q |
Oxidized coenzyme Q (ubiqui- |
|
|
|
none) |
|
|
Quantities and units |
433 |
Quantities and units
1. SI base units
Quantity |
|
SI unit |
Symbol |
Remarks |
Length |
|
Meter |
m |
1 yard (yd) = 0.9144 m |
|
|
|
|
1 inch (in) = 0.0254 m |
|
|
|
|
1 Å = 10–10 m = 0.1 nm |
Mass |
|
Kilogram |
kg |
1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg |
Time |
|
Second |
s |
|
Current strength |
|
Ampere |
A |
|
Temperature |
|
Kelvin |
K |
°C (degree Celsius) = K – 273.2 |
|
|
|
|
Fahrenheit: °C = 5/9 (°F – 32) |
Light |
|
Candela |
Cd |
|
Amount of substance |
|
Mol |
mol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 Derived units |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quantity |
Unit |
Symbol |
Derivation |
Remarks |
|
|
|
|
|
Frequency |
Hertz |
Hz |
–1 S
Volume |
Liter |
L |
10–3 |
m3 |
1 U.S.gallon (gal) = 3.785 L |
|||
Force |
Newton |
N |
kg |
m |
s–2 |
|
|
|
Pressure |
Pascal |
Pa |
N |
m–2 |
|
1 bar = 105 Pa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa |
|
Energy, work, heat |
Joule |
J |
N |
m |
|
|
1 calorie (cal) = 4.1868 J |
|
Power |
Watt |
W |
J s–1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Electrical charge |
Coulomb |
C |
A |
s |
|
|
|
|
Voltage |
Volt |
V |
W |
A–1 |
|
|
|
|
Concentration |
Molarity |
M |
mol |
L–1 |
|
|
||
Molecular mass |
Dalton |
Da |
1.6605 |
10–24 g |
|
|
||
Molar mass |
– |
– |
g |
|
|
|
|
|
Molecular weight |
– |
Mr |
– |
|
s–1 |
Nondimensional |
|
|
Reaction rate |
|
v |
mol |
|
|
|||
Catalytic activity |
Katal |
kat |
mol |
s–1 |
1 unit (U) = 1.67 |
10–8 kat |
||
Specific activity |
– |
– |
kat |
(kg |
|
Usually: U (mg enzyme)–1 |
||
|
|
|
enzyme)–1 |
|
|
|||
Sedimentation |
Svedberg |
S |
10–13 s |
|
|
|
||
coef cient |
|
|
|
|
|
s–1 |
|
1010 Bq |
Radioactivity |
Becquerel |
Bq |
Decays |
1 curie (Ci) = 3.7 |
3 Multiples and fractions
Factor |
Prefix |
Sym- |
Example |
|
|
bol |
|
|
|
|
|
109 |
Giga |
G |
GHz = 109 hertz |
106 |
Mega |
M |
MPa = 106 pascal |
103 |
Kilo |
k |
kJ = 103 joule |
10–3 |
Milli |
m |
mM = 10–3 mol L–1 |
10–6 |
Micro |
|
V = 10–6 volt |
10–9 |
Nano |
n |
nkat = 10–9 katal |
10–12 |
Pico |
p |
pm = 10–12 meter |
4 Important constants
General gas |
R = 8.314 J |
mol–1 K–1 |
constant, R |
|
|
Loschmidt |
N = 6.0225 |
1023 |
(Avogadro) |
|
|
number, N |
|
|
(number of |
|
|
particles per |
|
|
mol) |
|
mol–1 |
Faraday constant F |
F = 96480 C |
434 Further reading
Further reading
Textbooks
Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. The molecular biology of the cell. 4th ed. New York: Garland Science, 2002.
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: Freeman, 2002.
DevlinTM, editor. Textbook ofbiochemistry: withclinicalcorrelations. 5th ed. New York:WileyLiss, 2002.
Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Murray RK. Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 26th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill/Appleton and Lange, 2003.
Lodish H, Darnell J, Baltimore D. Molecular cell biology. 3rd ed. New York: Scientific American Books, New York, 1995.
Mathews CK, van Holde KE, Ahern KG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Cummings, 2000. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Worth, 2000. Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2004.
Reference works
Branden C, Tooze J. Introduction to protein structure. New York: Garland, 1991. Janeway CA, Travers P, editors. Immunobiology. 5th ed. New York: Garland, 2001.
Michal G, editor. Biochemical pathways: an atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology. New York: Wiley, 1999.
Nature Publishing Group. Encyclopedia of life sciences. http://www.els.net [an Internet encyclopedia with up-to-date overview articles in every field of biochemistry and cell biology].
Webb EC, editor. Enzyme nomenclature 1992. San Diego: International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Academic Press, 1992.
Selected periodicals (journals and yearbooks)
Annual Review of Biochemistry. Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA [the most important collection of biochemical reviews].
Current Biology, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, and related journals in this series. Current Biology, Ltd. London [short up-to-date reviews].
Trends in Biochemical Sciences. Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge, United Kingdom [the “newspaper” for biochemists; of cial publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)].