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Abbreviations 431

Abbreviations

Abbreviations for amino acids, p.60

For bases and nucleosides, p.80

For monosaccharides, p.38

AA

Amino acid

FAD

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

ACE

Angiotensin-converting en-

Fd

Ferredoxin

 

zyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A)

FFA

Free fatty acid

ACP

Acyl carrier protein

fMet

N-formylmethionine

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

FMN

Flavin mononucleotide

 

(corticotropin)

Fp

Flavoprotein (containing FMN

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone (adiure-

 

or FAD)

 

tin, vasopressin)

GABA

γ-Aminobutyric acid

ADP

Adenosine 5 -diphosphate

GDP

Guanosine 5 -diphosphate

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency

Glut

Glucose transporter

 

syndrome

GMP

Guanosine 5 -monophosphate

ALA

5-Aminolevulinic acid

GSH

Reduced glutathione

AMP

Adenosine 5 -monophosphate

GSSG

Oxidized glutathione

ANF

Atrial natriuretic factor

GTP

Guanosine 5 -triphosphate

ANP

Atrial natriuretic peptide

h

hour

 

(= ANF)

HAT medium Medium containing hypoxan-

ATP

Adenosine 5 -triphosphate

 

thine, aminopterin, and thymi-

AVP

Arginine vasopressin

 

dine

b

Base

Hb

Hemoglobin

bp

Base pair

HDL

High-density lipoprotein

BPG

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

HIV

Human immunodeficiency

cAMP

3 ,5 -Cyclic AMP

 

virus

CAP

Catabolite activator protein

HLA

Human leukocyte-associated

CDK

Cyclin-dependent protein

 

antigen

 

kinase (in cell cycle)

HMG-CoA

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-

cDNA

Complementary DNA

 

CoA

CDP

Cytidine 5 -diphosphate

HMP

Hexose monophosphate path-

cGMP

3 ,5 -Cyclic GMP

 

way

CIA

Chemoluminescence immuno-

hnRNA

Heterogeneous nuclear ribo-

 

assay

 

nucleic acid

CMP

Cytidine 5 -monophosphate

HPLC

High-performance liquid chro-

CoA

Coenzyme A

 

matography

CoQ

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)

hsp

Heat-shock protein

CSF

colony-stimulating factor

IDL

Intermediate-density lipopro-

CTP

Cytidine 5 -triphosphate

 

tein

d

Deoxy-

IF

Intermediary filament

Da

Dalton (atomic mass unit)

IFN

Interferon

DAG

Diacylglycerol

Ig

Immunoglobulin

dd

Dideoxy-

IL

Interleukin

DH

Dehydrogenase

InsP3

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

IPTG

Isopropylthiogalactoside

dsDNA

Double-stranded DNA

IRS

Insulin-receptor substrate

EA

Ethanolamine

kDa

Kilodalton (103 atomic mass

EIA

Enzyme-linked immunoassay

 

units)

ER

Endoplasmic reticulum

Km

Michaelis constant

432

Abbreviations

 

 

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

QH2

Reduced coenzyme Q (ubiqui-

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein

 

nol)

M

Molarity (mol L–1)

R

Gas constant

Mab

Monoclonal antibody

rER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

MAP kinase Mitogen-activated protein

RES

Reticuloendothelial system

 

kinase

RFLP

Restriction fragment length

MHC

Major histocompatability

 

polymorphism

 

complex

RIA

Radioimmunoassay

MPF

Maturation-promoting factor

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

mRNA

Messenger ribonucleic acid

ROS

Reactive oxygen species

N

Nucleotide with any base

RP

Reversed phase (of silica gel)

NAD+

Oxidized nicotinamide adenine

rRNA

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

 

dinucleotide

S

Svedberg (unit of sedimenta-

NADH

Reduced nicotinamide adenine

 

tion coef cient)

NADP+

dinucleotide

SAH

S-adenosyl L-homocysteine

Oxidized nicotinamide adenine

SAM

S-adenosyl L-methionine

 

dinucleotide phosphate

SDS

Sodium dodecylsulfate

NADPH

Reduced nicotinamide adenine

sER

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

 

dinucleotide phosphate

sn

Stereospecific numbering

NeuAc

N-acetylneuraminic acid

snRNA

Small nuclear ribonucleic acid

nm

Nanometer (10–9 m)

SR

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

ODH

2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase

ssDNA

Single-stranded DNA

PAGE

Polyacrylamide gel electropho-

TBG

Thyroxine-binding globulin

 

resis

THB

Tetrahydrobiopterin

Pan

Pantetheine

THF

Tetrahydrofolate

PAPS

Phosphoadenosine

TLC

Thin-layer chromatography

 

phosphosulfate

TPP

Thiamine diphosphate

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

TRH

Thyrotropin-releasing hor-

PDH

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

 

mone (thyroliberin)

PEG

Polyethylene glycol

Tris

Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminome-

PEP

Phosphoenolpyruvate

 

thane

pH

pH value

tRNA

Transfer ribonucleic acid

Pi

Inorganic phosphate

TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

PK

Protein kinase

 

(thyrotropin)

PLP

Pyridoxal phosphate

UDP

Uridine 5 -diphosphate

PP

Protein phosphatase

UMP

Uridine 5 -monophosphate

PPP

Pentose phosphate pathway

UTP

Uridine 5 -triphosphate

PQ

Plastoquinone

UV

Ultraviolet radiation

PRPP

5-Phosphoribosyl 1-diphos-

Vmax, V

Maximal velocity (of an

 

phate

 

enzyme)

PS

Photosystem

VLDL

Very-low-density lipoprotein

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

 

 

Q

Oxidized coenzyme Q (ubiqui-

 

 

 

none)

 

 

Quantities and units

433

Quantities and units

1. SI base units

Quantity

 

SI unit

Symbol

Remarks

Length

 

Meter

m

1 yard (yd) = 0.9144 m

 

 

 

 

1 inch (in) = 0.0254 m

 

 

 

 

1 Å = 10–10 m = 0.1 nm

Mass

 

Kilogram

kg

1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg

Time

 

Second

s

 

Current strength

 

Ampere

A

 

Temperature

 

Kelvin

K

°C (degree Celsius) = K – 273.2

 

 

 

 

Fahrenheit: °C = 5/9 (°F – 32)

Light

 

Candela

Cd

 

Amount of substance

 

Mol

mol

 

 

 

 

 

 

2 Derived units

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Derivation

Remarks

 

 

 

 

 

Frequency

Hertz

Hz

–1 S

Volume

Liter

L

10–3

m3

1 U.S.gallon (gal) = 3.785 L

Force

Newton

N

kg

m

s–2

 

 

Pressure

Pascal

Pa

N

m–2

 

1 bar = 105 Pa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa

Energy, work, heat

Joule

J

N

m

 

 

1 calorie (cal) = 4.1868 J

Power

Watt

W

J s–1

 

 

 

 

Electrical charge

Coulomb

C

A

s

 

 

 

 

Voltage

Volt

V

W

A–1

 

 

 

Concentration

Molarity

M

mol

L–1

 

 

Molecular mass

Dalton

Da

1.6605

10–24 g

 

 

Molar mass

g

 

 

 

 

 

Molecular weight

Mr

 

s–1

Nondimensional

 

Reaction rate

 

v

mol

 

 

Catalytic activity

Katal

kat

mol

s–1

1 unit (U) = 1.67

10–8 kat

Specific activity

kat

(kg

 

Usually: U (mg enzyme)–1

 

 

 

enzyme)–1

 

 

Sedimentation

Svedberg

S

10–13 s

 

 

 

coef cient

 

 

 

 

 

s–1

 

1010 Bq

Radioactivity

Becquerel

Bq

Decays

1 curie (Ci) = 3.7

3 Multiples and fractions

Factor

Prefix

Sym-

Example

 

 

bol

 

 

 

 

 

109

Giga

G

GHz = 109 hertz

106

Mega

M

MPa = 106 pascal

103

Kilo

k

kJ = 103 joule

10–3

Milli

m

mM = 10–3 mol L–1

10–6

Micro

 

V = 10–6 volt

10–9

Nano

n

nkat = 10–9 katal

10–12

Pico

p

pm = 10–12 meter

4 Important constants

General gas

R = 8.314 J

mol–1 K–1

constant, R

 

 

Loschmidt

N = 6.0225

1023

(Avogadro)

 

 

number, N

 

 

(number of

 

 

particles per

 

 

mol)

 

mol–1

Faraday constant F

F = 96480 C

434 Further reading

Further reading

Textbooks

Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD. The molecular biology of the cell. 4th ed. New York: Garland Science, 2002.

Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: Freeman, 2002.

DevlinTM, editor. Textbook ofbiochemistry: withclinicalcorrelations. 5th ed. New York:WileyLiss, 2002.

Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Murray RK. Harper’s illustrated biochemistry. 26th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill/Appleton and Lange, 2003.

Lodish H, Darnell J, Baltimore D. Molecular cell biology. 3rd ed. New York: Scientific American Books, New York, 1995.

Mathews CK, van Holde KE, Ahern KG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Cummings, 2000. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Worth, 2000. Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2004.

Reference works

Branden C, Tooze J. Introduction to protein structure. New York: Garland, 1991. Janeway CA, Travers P, editors. Immunobiology. 5th ed. New York: Garland, 2001.

Michal G, editor. Biochemical pathways: an atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology. New York: Wiley, 1999.

Nature Publishing Group. Encyclopedia of life sciences. http://www.els.net [an Internet encyclopedia with up-to-date overview articles in every field of biochemistry and cell biology].

Webb EC, editor. Enzyme nomenclature 1992. San Diego: International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Academic Press, 1992.

Selected periodicals (journals and yearbooks)

Annual Review of Biochemistry. Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA [the most important collection of biochemical reviews].

Current Biology, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, Current Opinion in Structural Biology, and related journals in this series. Current Biology, Ltd. London [short up-to-date reviews].

Trends in Biochemical Sciences. Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge, United Kingdom [the “newspaper” for biochemists; of cial publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)].

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