- •About the Authors
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Basics
- •Chemistry
- •Physical Chemistry
- •Biomolecules
- •Carbohydrates
- •Lipids
- •Amino Acids
- •Peptides and Proteins
- •Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- •Metabolism
- •Enzymes
- •Metabolic Regulation
- •Energy Metabolism
- •Carbohydrate Metabolism
- •Lipid Metabolism
- •Protein Metabolism
- •Nucleotide Metabolism
- •Porphyrin Metabolism
- •Organelles
- •Basics
- •Cytoskeleton
- •Nucleus
- •Mitochondria
- •Biological Membranes
- •Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
- •Lysosomes
- •Molecular Genetics
- •Genetic engineering
- •Tissues and organs
- •Digestion
- •Blood
- •Immune system
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •Muscle
- •Connective tissue
- •Brain and Sensory Organs
- •Nutrition
- •Nutrients
- •Vitamins
- •Hormones
- •Hormonal system
- •Lipophilic hormones
- •Hydrophilic hormones
- •Other signaling substances
- •Growth and development
- •Cell proliferation
- •Viruses
- •Metabolic charts
- •Annotated enzyme list
- •Abbreviations
- •Quantities and units
- •Further reading
- •Source credits
- •Index
- •Introduction
- •Basics
- •Biomolecules
- •Carbohydrates
- •Lipids
- •Metabolism
- •Organelles
- •Cytoskeleton
- •Nucleus
- •Lysosomes
- •Molecular Genetics
- •Genetic engineering
- •Tissues and organs
- •Digestion
- •Immune system
- •Nutrition
- •Vitamins
- •Hormones
- •Lipophilic hormones
- •Hydrophilic hormones
- •Growth and development
- •Viruses
- •Metabolic charts
- •Annotated enzyme list
- •Abbreviations
- •Quantities and units
- •Further reading
- •Source credits
- •Index
VIII
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
Basics |
|
Chemistry |
|
Periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
Molecular structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
Isomerism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
Biomolecules I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
Biomolecules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
Chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
14 |
Physical Chemistry |
|
Energetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
16 |
Equilibriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
Enthalpy and entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
Reaction kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
Water as a solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
26 |
Hydrophobic interactions. . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
Acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
Redox processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
Biomolecules |
|
Carbohydrates |
|
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
Chemistry of sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
Monosaccharides and disaccharides . . . |
38 |
Polysaccharides: overview . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
Plant polysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
42 |
Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. |
44 |
Lipids |
|
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
46 |
Fatty acids and fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 |
Phospholipids and glycolipids . . . . . . . |
50 |
Isoprenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
Steroid structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
Steroids: overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
Amino Acids |
|
Chemistry and properties. . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
Proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
Non-proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . |
62 |
Peptides and Proteins |
|
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
Peptide bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
Secondary structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
Structural proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Globular proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Protein folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Molecular models: insulin. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Isolation and analysis of proteins . . . . . 78
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Bases and nucleotides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Molecular models: DNA and RNA . . . . . 86
Metabolism
Enzymes
Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Enzyme catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Enzyme kinetics I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Enzyme kinetics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Lactate dehydrogenase: structure . . . . . 98 Lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism . . . 100 Enzymatic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Coenzymes 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Coenzymes 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Coenzymes 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Activated metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Metabolic Regulation
Intermediary metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Regulatory mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Allosteric regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Transcription control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Hormonal control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Energy Metabolism
ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Energetic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Energy conservation at membranes. . . . 126 Photosynthesis: light reactions . . . . . . . 128 Photosynthesis: dark reactions . . . . . . . 130 Molecular models: membrane proteins . 132 Oxoacid dehydrogenases. . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Tricarboxylic acid cycle: reactions . . . . . 136 Tricarboxylic acid cycle: functions. . . . . 138 Respiratory chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 ATP synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Respiration and fermentation . . . . . . . . 146 Fermentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148