Index

772

Index

Condyle (Continued)

Cranial sutures

Creeping substitution

resorption of, and late relapse after

examination of, 10

defined, 125

osteotomy, 639, 643

premature closure of, classification of

fixation required for, 327

setting the position of, in bimaxillary

anomalies from, 29

in maxillary sinus grafting, 180

surgery, 527

Cranial vault, in Crouzon syndrome

in ridge augmentation, 157

Congenital deformity

osteotomy, 722–723

Cross sectional images, computer-

craniomaxillofacial, 5

reshaping of, 718–719

generated, 200–201

dysplasia as an indication for

Craniocervical junction, exposure of, 494

Crouzon syndrome, 29, 32, 35, 664, 673,

costochondral grafting, 354

Craniofacial deformities, 22–37

678–679

facial clefting, 22–29

clefts, 25

basic dysmorphology and staging of

nasal, 49–54

dysostosis, 678–681

reconstruction, 713–726

See also Hereditary conditions

in Crouzon syndrome, 713

bilateral coronal synostosis in, 675

Connective tissue, around dental implants,

principles of management of, 671–692

Cupar technique, 601

plasma-sprayed titanium, 142–143

surgical correction of, in Apert

for anterior maxillary osteotomy

Contraindications

syndrome, 749–755

downfracture, 591

to autogenous transplants, 377

Craniofacial fixation system

Cuspid area, in maxillary implant

to fibula donation, smoking as, 414

effects on the growing craniofacial

positioning, 243

Coronal synostosis, unilateral, 675

skeleton, 693–699

Corrosion, of metal in internal fixation,

hardware review, 445–461

D

107

Craniofacial Modular Fixation System,

Degenhardt classification, of craniofacial

Cortical bone

445–450

deformity, 23

for grafts and implants, clinical

Craniofacial osteotomy instrumentation

Delaire analysis, in planning orthognathic

outcomes, 130

sets, 629

surgery, 514

healing of grafts of, 126

Craniofacial reconstruction, vascularized

Demineralized freeze-dried bone (DFDB),

maxillary sinus grafting, 180

bone grafts for, 313

bone morphogenic protein in,

skull donor sites for grafting of, 300

Craniofacial Repair System (CRS),

181–182

Corticocancellous bone grafts, 130–131

459–461

Dental compensations, in hemifacial

autologous intramembranous, to maxilla,

Craniofacial synostoses, inherited, 52

microsomia, 729

131–132

Craniomaxillofacial bone

Dental examination, before orthognathic

free, for the maxilla, 356–371

healing of

surgery, 512

hip inner surface as a donor site for, 300

biomechanics and rigid internal

Dental implants

for mandibular continuity defects, 321

fixation, 101–106

grafts from the fibula for insertion of,

for the maxillary sinus, 180–181

after surgery, 124–137

327

Cosmetic failure, in genioplasty, 634–638

infections of, 76–89

ITI system, 138–154

Costochondral arthroplasty, polymer

radiographic diagnosis, 78

Dentascan program, examples of images

screws for fixation of, 121

metal for internal fixation, 107–112

generated by, 198, 201–208

Costochondral grafts

radiographic evaluation of, 210–219

Dermoids, nasal, 54

advantage of, response to growth, 353

Craniomaxillofacial deformity

Developmental deformity,

for condylar reconstruction,

classification system for, 90–97

craniomaxillofacial, 5. See also

disadvantages of, 462

evaluation of, 5–21

Embryology

free, mandibular condyle reconstruction

nasal, 49–58

Dexamethasone, postoperative

with, 343–355

traumatic, 43–48

administration of, in transfacial

in hemifacial microsomia, 733–735

Craniomaxillofacial dental implantology,

access osteotomy, 496

Cranial base

198–209

Diagnosis

calvarial bone grafts for reconstruction

Craniomaxillofacial surgery, 1

differential, of hemifacial microsomia,

of, 711–712

reconstructive

727

microsurgical reconstruction of large

versus corrective, 41–42

of oral squamous cell carcinoma, 67–68

defects of, 356–371

current practice and trends in, 310–316

of orbital hypertelorism, 738

Cranial bones

Cranio-orbital decompression, in Crouzon

of osteomyelitis of the cervical spine, 86

deformities of, classification, 95

syndrome, 715–717

Disadvantages

as donor sites

Cranio-orbito-zygomatic procedures,

of genioplasty, 652

in cranio-orbito-zygomatic procedures,

cranial bones as donor sites in, 715

of intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy,

715

Craniostenosis, surgical correction of the

646

in midface reconstruction, 662

bony forehead in, 8

of mandibular midline split, 648

Cranial circumference, for evaluating

Craniosynostosis, 673–678

of midface osteotomy, 657

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 9–10

classification of, 29–37

of rigid fixation

Cranial deformities

in Crouzon syndrome, 713

in mandibular sagittal split ramus

clefts, 25

Craniotomy bone flap, 703

osteotomy, 643

in hemifacial microsomia, 728

Cranium, donor site, for nasal

in maxillary surgery, 654

Cranial modular fixation system, 456–458

reconstruction, 483, 486–488

of subapical osteotomy, 651

Index

773

Disease

Epidemiology

clinical evaluation of, in cleft lip and

maternal, and nasal deformities, 50

of craniomaxillofacial fractures and

palate, 551

systemic, and nasal deformities, 57

defects, 5

growth of, in hemifacial microsomia,

See also Infection

of hemifacial microsomia, 727

729–730

Displacement, osseous, in osteotomy,

of oral squamous cell carcinoma, 65

planning height, in bimaxillary surgery,

639

Epiphyseal dysplasia, in Apert syndrome,

526–527

Distraction osteogenesis, 648–650

750

proportions, for clinical examination,

Donor sites

Epithelium, around dental implants,

506–507

for alveolar grafts, 544

plasma-sprayed titanium, 142–143

width, describing in a clinical

calvarial, reconstruction with alloplastic

Ethanol, nasal deformities due to in utero

examination, 508–509

materials, 702

exposure to, 50

Facial angles, for evaluation of

for mandibular reconstruction, 310–313

Etiology

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7–8

for midface reconstruction, 662

of cleft lip and palate, 539

Facial appearance

morbidity at, 668

of craniofacial deformities, congenital,

clinical evaluation of, in cleft lip and

for nasal reconstruction, 483

671–672

palate, 556

parietal bone, 742

of craniomaxillofacial deformities

concepts of harmony in, 280–284

Dosimetry, on an irradiation phantom,

in Apert syndrome, 749–750

Facial bipartition, in orbital hypertelorism

420–421

nasal, 49–58

management, 742–745

Double barrel graft, fibular, for arched

of hemifacial microsomia, 727–728

Facial clefting, 22–29

mandibular defects, 329–333

of oral malignancies, 65

embryological origin of, 671

Downfracture, risks of, 567

of osteomyelitis, 76–77

rare, 52–53

Drugs, association with craniofacial

of the frontal bone, 84

Facial contour angle (FCA), for evaluation of

malformation, 671

of skeletal malocclusion, 38–42

craniomaxillofacial relationships, 8

Dura, coverage of, with musculocutaneous

of suppurative osteomyelitis of the

Facio-auriculo-vertebral (FAV)

flaps, 364

mandible, 80

malformation complex, 727

Dysmorphology

See also Pathogenesis

Faciolingual orientation, in single tooth

in cleft lip and palate, 540–542

Etiopathology, of orbital hypertelorism,

restorations, 250

defined, 672

739–740

Farm injuries, craniomaxillofacial, 47–48

Dysostosis, craniofacial, in Crouzon

Evaluation

Fetal compression, nasal injuries from, 54

syndrome, 713. See also

of Apert syndrome patients, 750–751

Fibroma, ossifying, reconstruction after

Mandibulofacial dysostosis

of craniomaxillofacial deformity

removal, in a child, 368–369

patients, 5–21

Fibrous dysplasia, treatment for, 63

E

before reconstructive surgery, 390

Fibula

Economic considerations

of tumor extension, in oral malignancies,

and combined flaps, for maxillofacial

in internal fixation, 2

68–69

reconstruction, 306–308

in primary reconstruction, in gunshot

Examination cycle, before orthognathic

dissection of, 391

wounds, 416

surgery, 500

as a donor site

in rigid internal fixation, for bimaxillary

Exophthalmus, association with

advantages of, 414

surgery, 522

hyperthyroidism, 5

for ascending ramus and condyle

Ectodermal cysts, nasal dermoid, 54

Exorbitism

grafts, 466

Edentulous restorations, dental implant,

in Apert syndrome, 35, 750

for mandibular continuity defects, 321

236–237

in bilateral coronal synostosis, 675

for mandibular reconstruction, 310,

partial, 245–250

in malar deficiency, 15

312–313, 471–474, 475–476

Embryology

Expectations, patient’s, in dental implant

indications and technical

of the calvarium, 700–701

restoration, 256–257

considerations for use of, 327–334

of the craniofacial region, 671

Explosions, craniomaxillofacial injuries

Fibular flap, for mandibular reconstruction,

of nasal deformities, 49–50

from, 47

389–390

of the palate, lip and alveolus, 539–542

Extender System, ITI, 164

Finnish Cancer Registry, standardized

Emergence Profile System, for single tooth

Extracranial procedures, in orbital

incidence ratio for oral cancer, 65–66

abutments, 252

hypertelorism management, 744

Fixation methods

Encephaloceles, nasal, 53

Eye, evaluating, 11–12. See also Vision

in bimaxillary surgery, 532–533

Endochondral bone grafts

Eyebrows, position of, evaluating, 12–13

biodegradable polymer screws for, in

for maxillary sinus grafting, 180–181

Eyelids

sagittal osteotomy, 119, 121

preformed, clinical use of, 130–131

deformities of, in Apert syndrome,

during bone healing, 101–106, 336–337

Endocrine disorders, deformities caused

752

in the craniofacial system, hardware

by, 5

evaluating, 13

review, 445–461

Endosseous implants

in genioplasty, 628–633

and bone grafting, 124–132

F

in nasal reconstruction, 483–484

selection of, 184–185

Facial anatomy

in orbital hypertelorism reconstruction, 744

Eosinophilic granuloma, treatment for, 63

analysis of, for genioplasty, 623–624

See also Plates; Screws

774

Index

Fixture insertion

for orthognathic surgery candidates,

effects of plate and screw fixation on the

computerized tomography images for

497–500

craniofacial skeleton, 693–699

reviewing placement, 205

Genetic diagnosis, in craniofacial

excessive, after reconstruction of the

surgical technique, maxillary sinus

deformities, 672

mandible, 464

grafting, 187

Genetic predisposition, in primary

facial

Flap contouring, for maxillofacial

craniosynostosis, 29

effect of cleft lip and palate surgery,

reconstruction, 303–304

Genial deficiency, aesthetic repair of, 282

500

Follow-up

Genioplasty, 574, 651–653

in hemifacial microsomia, 729–730

after oral cancer treatment, 72–73

combination with ramus osteotomy, 648

of nonvascularized grafts, 462

after temporomandibular joint surgery,

considerations for rigid internal fixation,

restricted, after osteotomy and fixation,

350–351

623–638

696–699

See also Outcomes

mandibular horizontal osteotomy for,

Guided bone regeneration (GBR), 155–163

Fontanelles

611

biodegradable membranes used in,

in craniomaxillofacial deformity, Apert

passive, 624–626

118–120

syndrome, 749

sliding, 612

case report, 161

description of, 671

rigid fixation in, 617

chin, after harvesting bone, 296

evaluating, in craniomaxillofacial

Giant cell granulomas, 62

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 127

deformity, 10

Gingival tissues, evidence of implant

Gunshot wounds, 43–46

Forehead

failure in, 253–254

advancement of, in Apert syndrome,

Glenoid reconstruction, in hemifacial

H

751

microsomia, 734

Handgun injuries, 47

landmarks of, 10–11

Gliomas, nasal, 53

Haptens, metals as, 110

Foreign body reactions, to self-reinforcing

Globe, position of, and craniomaxillofacial

Hardware

polylactide copolymer, 115

deformity, 13

for internal fixation, 599–601

Fractures

Gnathion (Gn), for evaluation of

in intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy,

fixation of, self-reinforced polymers for,

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

646

120–121

Gold

in mandibular sagittal split ramus

posttraumatic osteomyelitis at the site of,

for dental restoration substructures, 239

osteotomy, 640–642

433

for octa-abutment screw-retained dental

in ramus osteotomy, 648

spontaneous, of an irradiated edentulous

restorations, 145–147

in subapical osteotomy, 651

mandible, 229–230

Goldenhar syndrome, 463, 727

for Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy, 654

Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein syndrome,

macrostomia in, 730

midface, 657

Tessier classification of, 28

vertebral defects in, 728

for stabilizing genioplasty, 652

Frankfort horizontal plane (FH), for

Gonzalez-Ulloa line, for evaluating

Harkens classification, of cleft lip and

evaluation of craniomaxillofacial

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 9

palate, 23

deformity, 7

Grafts

Harvesting, of calvarial bone grafts,

Free-tissue transfer, in mandibular

cantilevered bone, for orbital

701–703

reconstruction, 338

reconstruction, 480

Healing

Frontal bone

corticocancellous block, harvesting for

duration of, in ridge augmentation,

anterior, calvarial bone graft

ridge augmentation, 157

157–158

reconstruction, 711

factors affecting success of, 127

in maxillary sinus grafting, 179–181

deformities of, classification, 95

fixation of, in mandibular continuity

of posttraumatic osteomyelitis, by

osteomyelitis of, 84–85

defect reconstruction, 319–320

secondary intention, 433

Frontal view, for evaluating

materials for maxillary sinus grafting,

process of, 125

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 9

179

of reconstruction, after radiation therapy,

Frontonasal dysplasia, 52

metatarsal, for mandibular

335

Full-thickness outer cortex calvarial bone

reconstruction, 474

soft-tissue, in the presence of a

graft, 702

for nasal reconstruction, 483–488

membrane, 156

Functional considerations

reconstructive, 124–132

after surgery, craniomaxillofacial,

in Crouzon syndrome, 713

resorption as a measure of failure in,

124–137

problems associated with

216

Hearing disorders

craniosynostosis, 673

tertiary, in cleft lip and palate, 556

in cleft infants, 541

See also Bone grafts

in Crouzon syndrome, 713

G

Grisel syndrome, 86

external hearing aids for, skin-

Gallium-67 scans

Growth

penetrating implants, 132–133

in craniomaxillofacial bone infection, 79

disturbances of

Helsinki University Central Hospital,

in osteomyelitis of the frontal bone, 85

association with cleft lip and palate,

Department of Oral and

Garre sclerosing osteomyelitis, 82

541–542

Maxillofacial Surgery, 377

Genetic counseling

association with midface

Hematomas, nasal, deformity from

in craniofacial deformity, 672

reconstruction, 668

untreated, 55

Index

775

Hemifacial microsomia (HFM), 681–685,

with soft tissue flaps, for maxillofacial

for Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy, 656

727–737

reconstruction, 301–303

for Le Fort II osteotomy, 660

presurgery and postsurgery views,

Iliac corticocancellous grafts

for Le Fort III osteotomy, midface

686–687

complications of, 339

reconstruction, 664

Hemimandibulectomy

immediate versus delayed placement,

for microvascular bone flaps, 301

for osteogenic sarcoma, 469

study, 131

for onlay grafting, 177–178

reconstruction following, 471

Iliac crest, donor site

for orthognathic surgery, 557, 561

reconstruction with alloplast, 385

for ascending ramus and condyle grafts,

for subapical osteotomy, 650

Hemorrhage

465–467

for temporomandibular joint restoration,

in craniofacial surgery, 667–668

for free bone grafts, 298–300

343

in maxillary sinus grafting, 194

for mandibular continuity defect repair,

Indium scan, white blood cell, in

Hemostasis, in maxillary surgery, 528

321

craniomaxillofacial bone infection,

Hereditary conditions

for mandibular reconstruction, 310–311,

79

autosomal dominant

389–390, 414

Infantile osteomyelitis, 83

Apert syndrome, 679

for nasal reconstruction, 483

Infection

Crouzon syndrome, 678–679

Ilizarov method, for distraction

in craniofacial surgery, 667–668

hemifacial microsomia, 727–728

osteogenesis, 648–650

of craniomaxillofacial bone, location of,

nasal deformity in, 50–52

Imaging

79

See also Congenital deformity

methods for evaluation of the

frontal bone collapse after, calvarial

Heterotopic bone, formation of, in

craniomaxillofacial region, 210–212

bone graft reconstruction, 711

temporomandibular joint

in osteomyelitis of the frontal bone,

in genioplasty, 634

arthroplasty, 381

85

maternal, craniofacial deformities

Histology, clinical, of implants in bone

in suppurative osteomyelitis, 81

associated with, 671

grafts, 128–130

Immunocompetence, and osteomyelitis

in maxillary sinus grafting, 194

History

incidence, 76–77

opportunistic, nasoseptal manifestations

of the Le Fort I osteotomy, 581

Implants

of, 57

of mandibular osteotomies, 606–609

connecting to natural teeth, 247–248

postoperative, demonstration on

Mesopotamian, of craniofacial cleft, 27

defined, 124–125

computerized tomography image,

observation of osteomyelitis, 76

dental

204

Roman, of osteomyelitis of the frontal

failure of, 253–254

Inferior vermilion border (Vi), for

bone, 84

full-body-screw (S), 138, 164

evaluation of craniomaxillofacial

of segmental maxillary osteotomy, 587

hollow-cylinder, 139–140

deformity, 7

of a surgical approach to

hollow-screw, 138–139

Infraorbital rim defect, calvarial bone graft

craniosynostosis, 715

fracture of, 254

for reconstruction of, 705–706

History, patient’s, assessment of

metal, mechanical properties of,

Inner cortex calvarial bone graft, 703

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 6

110–111

Instrumentation sets, craniofacial

Holoprosencephaly, facial anomalies in, 52

module selections, 451–456

osteotomy, 629

Human experimentation, on the stability of

osseointegrated, in cleft lip and palate,

Instruments, craniofacial modular fixation

maxillofacial implants, 135

548, 551

system, 450–451

Hunsuck effect, avoiding, 615–616

Incidence

Intermaxillary fixation, placement with

Hydantoin, nasal deformities due to in

of clefting, by geographic location and

powerchain, 566

utero exposure to, 50

racial group, 539

Internal fixation

Hydrocephalus

of cleft lip and palate, 22

considerations in radiation therapy,

association with Crouzon syndrome,

of nasal fractures, 55

419–432

713

of oral squamous cell carcinoma, 65

functionally stable, 1

in Kleeblatschumldel deformity, 36

Incisor display, noting in a clinical

Le Fort II osteotomy, 662–663

Hydroxyapatite (HA), synthetic, 182–184

examination, 509–510

Le Fort III osteotomy, midface

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO), effect

Indications

reconstruction, 666–667

of, on implant success, 133–134

for bilateral sagittal split ramus

technique for, 599–601, 603

Hypertelorbitism, in cleft lip and palate,

osteotomy, 639–640

See also Rigid internal fixation

bilateral complete, 567–569

for bimaxillary surgery, 522–523

Interocclusal splint

Hypertelorism, in clefts, 28–29

for calvarial bone grafts, 704–711

preparing from models, 523–525

for condyle replacement, 372

transitional, 525–526

I

for fibula grafts, 327–334

Intracranial pressure

Iatrogenic injuries, nasal deformities from,

for free bone grafts, 295

in Apert syndrome, before or after

57

for genioplasty, 624–627, 651

forehead advancement, 750

Iliac bone grafts

for hemifacial microsomia treatment,

and hypertension, association with

morbidity in harvesting, 668

733–734

craniosynostosis, 673, 713

onlay grafts, outcomes, 131

for intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy,

monitoring of, in young children with

radiologic follow-up, 222

645–647

Crouzon syndrome, 718

776

Index

Intracranial procedures, for orbital

examples of fracture patterns, 582

Mandible

hypertelorism management,

history of, 581

anteroposterior deficiency of, in cleft lip

740–744

maxillary, 653–656

and palate, 557–559

Intracranial volume, in Apert syndrome, 749

necrosis as a complication of, 83

atypical ossifying fibroma in, panoramic

Intramembranous grafts and implants,

multiple segment, planning for, 526

image, 225–226

131–132

surgical technique, 591–601

biomechanical considerations in

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT),

types of, 583–584

reconstruction of, 239–240

advantages of, 427–429

Le Fort II osteotomy

classification of deformities of, 91–92

Intraoral technique, for stabilization in

in midface reconstruction, and

comminuted fracture of, 165

mandibular sagittal split ramus

considerations for internal fixation,

continuity defects of

osteotomy, 642

660–668

decisions about reconstruction of, 335

Intraoral tissue, restoration of, after cancer

in nasomaxillary hypoplasia, 574

fixation of bone grafts in

surgery of the head and neck, 290

Le Fort III osteotomy

reconstruction, 317–326

Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO),

in Crouzon syndrome, history of, 715

distraction osteogenesis of, 757–764

606–607, 614–615

malar maxillary, 574

edentulous, 237–243

indications for, 645–647

for midface reconstruction

with overdenture bar, 263

In utero exposure, nasal deformities due to,

considerations for internal fixation,

fixation of

50

660–668

with experimental polymers, 116

Irradiated bone, osteogenetic potential of,

in Crouzon syndrome, 678–679,

with polyglycolide materials, 117

444

719–721, 723–724

hardware review, 269–279

ITI Strauman Dental Implant System,

Limberg oblique osteotomy, 610

implants in, study, 131

765–767

Lips, clinical assessment of, in

internal fixation of, 1, 533

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 17–18

with maxillary fixed bridge, 263–264

J

Loading, of grafts

midline split of, 647–650

Jaw

maxillary sinus, 175

multiple fractures of, aesthetic repair, 281

deformity in Crouzon syndrome,

progressive, 189

ossifying fibroma in, computerized

management of, 724

and success of incorporation, 127

tomography image, 227–228

dysfunction of, psychological aspects in,

Lower facial plane (LFP), for evaluation of

osteomyelitis of, 80–82

634

craniomaxillofacial relationships, 8

posttraumatic osteomyelitis of, 433–438

lower, reconstructive surgery of,

Lund classification, of craniofacial

reconstruction of, with vascularized bone

radiographic assessment, 213–218

deformity, 23

grafts, 310–313

upper, imaging sequence and

Lymphomas, of extranodal origin, 70

resection due to carcinoma, and

interpretation, 212

restoration, 166–167

M

resorption of, in edentulous patients, 236

K

Magnetic resonance imaging

Mandible Distractor Module Set, 269,

Keratocysts, recurrence of, 59–61, 350–351

in craniomaxillofacial bone infections,

278–279

Key area, in repair of the orbit, 478–479

78

Mandible reconstruction module, 273

Kirschner wires, for craniomaxillofacial

in oral malignancies, 69

Mandible trauma module, 271–273

bone healing, 102

Malar bone

Mandibular alveolar osteotomy, total, 606,

Kleeblatschumldel deformity, 29, 35–37

absence of, in Franceschetti-Zwalen-

650–651

Kufner osteotomies, posterior maxillary, 588

Klein syndrome, 28

Mandibular alveolar ridge, atrophy of,

segmental, 602–603

aesthetic repair of deficiency of, 282–283

168–169

evaluating, in craniomaxillofacial

Mandibular angle

L

deformity, 15

deficiency in, aesthetic repair of, 282

Lacrimal apparatus, damage to, in Le Forte

Malar prominence, defining, in a clinical

reconstruction of defects of, 389–394

III osteotomy, 668

examination, 509

Mandibular body reconstruction, 395–410

Lag screw technique

Malignancies

Mandibular condylar reconstruction

advantages of, in craniofacial surgery, 715

carcinoma of the tongue, 400

with free costochondral grafting,

in mandibular osteotomy, 615–616

condylar reconstruction in, 381

343–355

sagittal split ramus, 609, 641

head and neck cancer, reconstruction in,

problems with prostheses, 377–388

in nasal reconstruction, 484–488

289–294

Mandibular continuity, reconstruction of,

Lambdoid synostosis, unilateral, 676–678

oral, 65–75

with an angular THORP plate,

Lateral arm free flap, for mandibular

mandible resection in, 317

404–405

reconstruction, 338–339

recurrence rates, after marginal

Mandibular osteotomy, 104–105, 529

Latissimus-dorsi musculocutaneous flaps,

mandibulectomy, 411

anterior midline, 611–613

361, 370–371

See also Tumors

rigid fixation in, 617

Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy

Malocclusion

with rigid internal fixation, 606–622,

advantages of, 523

in Crouzon syndrome, management of,

639–659

in cleft lip and palate, 562

724

Mandibular prognathism, 5

bilateral complete, 565–566

after Le Forte III osteotomy, 668

in cleft patients, 574

778

Index

Mucosal coverage, utilization for

Nickel, in tissue, toxicity of, 109–110

in bilateral coronal synostosis, 675

reconstruction in

Nomenclature

in metopic synostosis, 675

craniomaxillofacial deformity,

of alveolar bone grafting, 543

Orbital implants, 133

classification, 90

of hemifacial microsomia, 727

Orbital rim advancement (ORA),

Multidisciplinary team concept

See also Classification

preoperative and postoperative

for managing craniofacial deformities,

Nose

views, 675–676

672, 733

assessing the structure of, 13–14

Orbitomaxillary cleft, medial, 26–27

for managing hemifacial microsomia,

functions of, 49

Orbitozygomatic reconstruction, 105

727

Nutrition

Orientation

Myocutaneous flap, pectoralis major, 289,

in cleft infants, 540–541

compromised, restoring dental fixtures

412–413

disorders of, affecting development, 5

with, 255

for bilateral maxillary defect repair,

of single-tooth restoration, 250

442–444

O

Oromandibular complex, reconstruction of,

Occlusion, assessment of

290–291

N

in cleft lip and palate, 556

three-dimensional, software for, 291

Nasal aperture, donor site for free bone

in craniomaxillofacial deformity, 19–20

Oronasal fistulae, closing, 542

grafts, 296

in dental implant restoration, 241

Orthodontia

Nasal dermoids, 54

in mandibular overdentures, 243

for children with cleft lip and palate,

Nasal dorsum hematomas, 55

Occupational injuries, craniomaxillofacial,

541–542, 561

Nasal encephalocele, description of, 53

47–48

in hemifacial microsomia, 735

Nasal gliomas, 54

Ocular mobility, in craniomaxillofacial

Orthodontist, role in bimaxillary surgery,

Nasal structure

deformity, 13–14. See also Vision

523

cavity, nonseparation from the oral

Odontogenic tumors, 59–62

Orthognathic examination, 497–521

cavity, 540

Onlay bone grafts

Orthognathic modules, craniofacial

classification of deformities, 94

in Apert syndrome, 754

modular fixation system, 454–455

description of bone, 483

maxillary, versus sinus inlay graft, 177

Orthognathic surgery

restoring with bone grafts and rigid

Open bite deformities

after bone graft closure of a palatal

internal fixation, 483–488

anterior, bilateral posterior segmental

fistula, 572–573

septum, managing in transfacial access

osteotomies for treating, 587

in cleft lip and palate, 567

osteotomy, 495

correction of, preoperative and

defined, 639

Nasoendotracheal tube, placing and

postoperative x-rays, 535–536

examination before undertaking,

securing in maxillary surgery, 528

Operative procedure. See Surgical

506–520

Nasofacial angle, measuring, 14

approach/procedures

indications for, in cleft lip and palate,

Nasofrontal angle (NFA), for evaluation of

Ophthalmopathy, association with

557, 561

craniomaxillofacial relationships, 7

hyperthyroidism, 5

models used for planning, 514–518

Nasomaxillary region, reconstruction of,

Oral cavity

Orthopedics, preoperative

after cancer surgery, 292

assessment of, in craniomaxillofacial

for cleft infants, 542–543

Naso-orbital-ethmoid deformities, 94

deformity, 19

effect on later bone grafting for alveolar

Necrosis, aseptic, following maxillary

nonseparation from the nasal cavity,

clefts, 555–556

osteotomy, 590

540

Ortho Treatment Planner (software), 514

Nerve damage

Orbit

Osseointegration

in genioplasty, 634

clinical evaluation of, 12

of dental implants, 155

in Le Forte III osteotomy, 668

deformities of, in hemifacial

in bone grafts, 327–328

in rigid internal fixation using bicortical

microsomia, 728–729

in dentistry, 232

screws, 615

reconstruction of, 478–482

evaluation of, with computerized

Nerve tissue availability, in

Orbital blowout, polylactide plates for

tomography imaging, 203

craniomaxillofacial deformity,

repairing, 115–116

of implants in cleft lip and palate

classification, 90

Orbital cleft

reconstruction, 548, 551

Neural crest cells, role in craniofacial

central superior, 28

maintaining, in dental implant

development, 38. See also

superolateral, 28

restoration, 253

Embryology

superomedial, 28

in maxillary sinus grafting, 174–197

Neuralgia-inducing cavitational

Orbital expansion, in hemifacial

of metal implants, 124

osteonecrosis (NICO), 82

microsomia, timing of, 733

of screws in microvascular grafts, 322

Neurologic manifestations, in hemifacial

Orbital floor repair

of titanium, 110

microsomia, 728

of defects, 362–365

effects of irradiation on, 419

Neuropsychiatric disorders, association

calvarial bone graft reconstruction,

experimental study in dogs, 128

with craniosynostosis, 673

704–705

plasma-sprayed, 140–142

Neurosensory disturbances, as a

polymers for fracture fixation, 117

Osteitis

complication of rigid internal

Orbital hypertelorism, 738–748

defined, 76

fixation, 619

analysis of malformation in, 738–739

osteoblastic, 83

Index

779

Osteoarthritis, as an indication for

association with intracranial

growing craniofacial skeleton,

costochondral grafting, 353–354

hypertension, 673

693–699

Osteocutaneous flap, from the fibula,

Parathesia, after maxillary sinus grafting,

Plates

327–328

194

for craniomaxillofacial bone healing,

Osteogenesis

Partial-thickness calvarial bone grafts,

104, 451–456

effects of irradiation on, before and after

outer cortex, “potato chip” graft,

polylactide, for mandible fixation, 116

implantation, 425–426

701–702

See also Reconstruction plates

head and neck, 41

Pathogenesis

Pogonion (Pg), soft tissue, for evaluation

Osteogenic sarcoma, hemimandibulectomy,

of craniosynostosis, 673

of craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

chemotherapy and radiotherapy for,

of hemifacial microsomia, 681–682,

Polychondritis, relapsing, nasoseptal

469

728

manifestations of, 57

Osteoinduction, defined, 180

of osteomyelitis, 77

Polydioxanone (PDS)

Osteomyelitis

of the frontal bone, 84

for fixation of fractures, 113

chronic, ankylosis of the

of the mandible, 80

tissue compatibility of, 115

temporomandibular joint caused by,

See also Etiology

Polyglycolide (PGA)

354

Pathology, bony, radiology for identifying

for fixation of fractures, 113

historic observation of, 76

before orthognathic surgery, 513

tissue compatibility of, 115

infantile, 83

Pedicled flaps, for soft tissue involved in

Polylactide (PLA)

of the mandible

mandibular reconstruction, 338

for fixation of fractures, 113

nonsuppurative, 81–82

Periodontal problems, in mandibular

lag screws, in temporomandibular joint

posttraumatic, 433–438

midline split, 648

repair, 346

Osteoplastic segment, maintaining bone as,

Periorbital/cranial base defects,

membranes, for defect repair, 117–118

in skull base surgery, 491

reconstruction of, 361–367

self-reinforcing (SR) technique for

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 86–87, 433

Periorbital region

fixation of fractures, 114

mandibular, reconstruction in, 475–476

evaluating, 11

Polymorphic reticulosis (T-cell

Osteosarcoma

reconstruction of defects in, 361–367

lymphoma), nasoseptal

bone resection and reconstruction in,

Perko-Bell technique, for posterior

manifestations of, 57

324

maxillary osteotomies, 588, 603

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)

replacement of chin and mandible due

Perthes osteotomy, 610

function, and sinus lift surgery,

to, 374–375

Pfeiffer syndrome, 680–683

178–179

Osteosynthesis, hardware-supported, 1

facial features of, 36, 664

Porcelain, for dental implant restoration,

Osteotome

Phagocytosis, in resorption of polylactide,

241

for separation of the pterygoid plates,

115

Positioning

history of, 581

Physiological insult, from corrosion of

of maxillary sinus implants,

sinus floor elevation using, 195

metals in internal fixation, 107–110

complications of, 194–195

Osteotomies

Pigs, experimental grafting of mandibular

to stabilize a mandibular sagittal split

mandibular, 104–105

defects, 127–128

ramus osteotomy, 641

maxillary, 581–605

Pindborg tumor, panoramic image, graft

in temporomandibular joint prostheses,

surgical technique, maxillary sinus

with healing, 221

381

grafting, 186

Pins, for craniomaxillofacial bone healing,

Posterior areas, in maxillary implant

transfacial access, 491–496

102

positioning, 243–246

Outcomes

Plagiocephaly, 33

Posterior maxillary segmental osteotomies,

of mandibular condyle reconstruction,

anterior, 674

602–603

347–351

defined, 10, 30

Postoperative management

of mandibular condyle replacement with

timing of surgery for, 733

computed tomography imaging to assess

a prosthesis, 374–375

Plain film, for evaluation of the

osseointegration, 203

unsatisfactory, in orthognathic surgery,

craniomaxillofacial region, 210

mandibular angle grafts, 391–393

500

Planning

maxillary sinus grafts, 187–189

See also Follow-up

for bimaxillary surgery, 522–538

Posttraumatic osteomyelitis of the

Overdentures

for maxillary sinus grafting, 174–179

mandible (PTOM), 80, 433–438

implant failure rate associated with,

for maxillary surgery, 528–547

Pott puffy tumor, 84–85

244–245

for orthognathic surgery, 561

Prediction, measurements for, in

for support in dental restorations,

data base record for training in,

genioplasty, 627

146–147, 237, 241–243

501–505

Preformed grafts, endochondral, 130–131

Overdrilling, of holes in genioplasty, 631

radiologic examination for, 513–518

Premaxilla

for treatment for oral malignancies,

in bilateral alveolar cleft, 540

P

69–70

union with the maxillary alveolar

Palate, embryological development of, 539

Planning cycle, completing, for

process, during development, 539

Papilloedema

orthognathic surgery, 519–520

Premaxillary osteotomy, in cleft lip and

association with craniosynostosis, 713

Plate and screw fixation, effects on the

palate, 561–562

780

Index

Press-fit implants, for patients with limited

R

Reconstruction

intermaxillary opening, 246

Rabbits, experimental grafting of tibia

complications of, in irradiated fields,

Primary bone repair

defects, 127–128

290

with osseointegrated dental implants,

Race, and incidence of cleft lip and palate,

head and neck, for the oncologic patient,

429

22

289–294

in posttraumatic osteomyelitis, 434

Radial forearm flap

mandibular

versus secondary bone repair, 323–324

advantages and disadvantages of using,

after surgery for oral cancer, 71–72

Primates, craniomaxillofacial surgery

389–390

timing of, 335

research using, 693–699

for mandibular reconstruction, 338–339

orbital, technique for, 479–480

Profile examination

Radial forearm osteomuscular-

Reconstruction plate

for evaluating craniomaxillofacial

fasciocutaneous flap, for

for bridging bony defects, 317, 320,

deformity, 9

maxillofacial reconstruction, 308

336–337

before orthognathic surgery, 509–512

Radiated mineralized cancellous allografts

development of, 1

Prognathism

(RMCA), experimental evaluation

for double barrel graft fixation, 331–332

mandibular, correction of, preoperative

of, 130

for extensive anterior mandibular defect

and postoperative x-rays, 537

Radiation

repair, 414

in skeletal malocclusion, 39

association with microcephaly, 671

after oral surgery for cancer, 73

Prognosis, in oral cancer, 69

effect on implant failure, 133–134

permanence of, 395–397

Progressive condylar resorption (PCR),

Radiation therapy

three-dimensional, for mandibular angle

with rigid internal fixation,

effect on choice of graft procedure, 327,

defect reconstruction, 389

mandibular osteotomy, 617

341, 369

Record keeping, radiologic examination as

Projection, nasal, 14

and internal fixation devices, 419–432

part of, in orthognathic surgery, 513

Proportional centrofacial T, 746–747

osteoradionecrosis as a result of, 86–87

Rectus abdominis free flap, for mandibular

Prostheses

Radical excision, of oral cancers, 70

reconstruction, 338

condylar, for replacement of the

Radiographic assessment

Rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps,

mandibular condyle, 372–376

of craniofacial deformities, 672

361–364

craniomaxillofacial, 132–135

of craniomaxillofacial region, 210–219

Relapse

in craniomaxillofacial deformity,

for diagnosis of craniomaxillofacial bone

in genioplasty, 652

classification system, 90

infections, 78

in intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy,

facial, skin-penetrating implants for

in mandibular grafting, 407

after bone screw fixation, 646

anchorage of, 133–134

in maxillary sinus grafting, 175–176

in the Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy,

mandibular

of osteomyelitis of the maxilla, 84

654–656

fixed, 237–241

See also Computed tomography

midface, 657

removable, 241–243

Radiography

in mandibular sagittal split ramus

maxillary

narrow-beam, detailed, 210

osteotomy, 643–645

fixed, 244

panoramic, 210–211

in subapical osteotomy, 651

removable, 244–245

Radiology

Remodeling, in osteotomy, 639

metal, for primary functional

for evaluation of the mandibular

Research

reconstruction, 399

condylar prosthesis, 378

animal

removable, 439–444

for evaluation of the temporomandibular

on the effects of plate and screw

retention of, screw versus cement for

joint, 343–345

fixation, 693–699

dental implant restoration, 235–236

for examination before orthognathic

experimental grafting of iliac crests,

Prosthodontic concept

surgery, 512–518

128

dental implant restoration, 232–261

for follow-up of bone grafts, case

current, on prefabrication of

ITI dental implant system, 143–146

reports, 220–231

vascularized bones flaps, 313

solutions for compromised implant

for observation of condylar prosthesis,

experimental studies of grafts and

placement, 254–255

375

implants, 127–128

Psychological effects

Radionuclide imaging

human experimentation, on the stability

of cleft lip and palate, 542

in craniomaxillofacial bone infections,

of maxillofacial implants, 135

in patients seeking orthognathic surgery,

78–79

studies of radiation, effects on grafting

497–500

in osteomyelitis

with use of reconstruction plates,

Psychosocial considerations

of the frontal bone, 85

420–422

adjustment in hemifacial microsomia,

suppurative, 81

See also Clinical studies

735–736

Ramus osteotomy

Reserpine, nasal deformities due to in

in treatment of oral cancer, 73

combination with midline split, 648

utero exposure to, 50

vertical, 614–615

Resin, for dental implant restoration, 241

Q

Recipient site

Resorbable Fixation System, 458–459

Quantification, of facial harmony, 284–285

preparation of, in calvarial bone grafting,

Resorbable materials

Quantitative assessment, in Crouzon

703–704

for microplate fixation, in surgery for

syndrome, 714

in surgery for cleft lip and palate, 543

metopic suture release, 675

Index

781

plates and screws, in craniosynostosis

in mandibular osteotomy, 606–622

Sclerosing osteomyelitis, chronic, 81–82

reconstruction, 673

in maxillary osteotomy, 581–605

Screw and drill bit chart, craniofacial

Resorption

in maxillary surgery, 527–528

modular fixation system, 449

of bone after extraction of all teeth, 236

for nasal reconstruction, 483–488

Screws

condylar

in posttraumatic osteomyelitis treatment,

for craniomaxillofacial bone healing,

in late relapse after osteotomy, 639,

434–435, 436–437

102–103

643–645

stability of maxillary and mandibular

in dental implants, loose or fractured,

positioning to prevent, 614

osteotomies with, 639–659

254

with rigid internal fixation, 617

Rods, polylactide, for mandible fixation,

effect of fixation with, on bone

of grafts, 462

116

resorption, 484

effect of screw fixation on, 484

Rotation, nasal, 14

failure of, comparison of conventional

reconstruction of the ascending ramus

and THORP plates, 402–403

and condyle, 464

S

polylactide copolymer, for mandible

maxillary, significance of patterns in, 243

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, facial features

fixation, 116

Respiratory problems, accompanying Apert

of, 36

technique of fixation with, 532–534

syndrome, 752

Sagittal interrelationships, in skeletal

Secluded space, creation and maintenance

Restoration, single-tooth, 250–253. See

malocclusion, 38–39

of, in guided bone regeneration,

also Reconstruction

Sagittal osteotomy, fixation with

156–157

Retinoic acid syndrome (RAS), ear

biodegradable self-reinforcing

Secondary bone grafting, delay of, after

malformations in, 728

polymer screws, 119, 121

irradiation, 429

Retrognathia, in skeletal malocclusion, 39

Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO),

Segmental osteotomies, periodontal defects

Retromolar region, donor site for free bone

606

resulting from, 523

grafts, 296

bilateral, 639–645

Segment control, during surgery, with a

Revascularization, of cortical bone grafts,

condylar torquing in, 618

transbuccal trocar, 534–535

126

mandibular, 612–614

Self-reinforcing technique, polymers for

Rhabdomyosarcoma, soft-tissue grafts in

morbidity in, 523

fracture fixation, 114

children, 365

Sagittal suture synostosis, 675–676

Septal hematoma, septal abscess from, 54

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta),

Sarcomas

Serratus anterior muscle (SAM), for

research using, 695–699

ameloblastic fibrosarcomas or

oromandibular defect repair, 338

Rheumatic ankylosis (RA), complications

odontosarcomas, 61, 70

Sex

in treating, 379–381

mandibular fibrosarcomas,

and cleft lip and palate incidence, 22

Rheumatoid arthritis

reconstruction after removal of, 386

and Garre sclerosing osteomyelitis

bilateral alloarthroplasty for, 383

Scanning, of bone in oral malignancies,

incidence, 82

bilateral temporomandibular joint

68–69

and hemifacial microsomia incidence,

arthroplasty for, 384

Scaphocephaly

727

Rhinion (Rh), for evaluation of

defined, 10, 675

Sheep, experimental grafting of iliac crests,

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

deformity in, 31

127–128

Rib as donor site

lateral and superior views, 679

Shotgun injuries, craniomaxillofacial, 47

for free bone grafts, 298

Scapula

Shotgun wound, repair of, 416

for nasal reconstruction, 483

donor site for ascending ramus and

Silver-palladium, for dental substructure

for pedicled bone grafts, 300

condyle grafts, 465–466

fabrication, 239

Rickett analysis of the head and face, use

with flaps

Simmons-Peyton classification

of, in planning orthognathic

for mandibular continuity defect

of craniofacial deformities, 36

surgery, 515–518

repair, 321

of facial clefting, 30

Ridge augmentation, localized, using

for maxillofacial reconstruction,

Single-tooth osteotomy, 606

guided bone regeneration, 155–163

304–306

Sinus, cranialization for management of,

Ridge fracture, in maxillary sinus grafting,

myocutaneous flaps from, advantage in

495

194

anterior defects of the mandible, 414

Sinus lift graft procedure, 174

Rifle injuries, craniomaxillofacial, 47

vascularized bone grafts from, for

smoking, 178–179

Rigid fixation

maxillofacial reconstruction, 313,

Skeletal malocclusion, etiology of, 38–42

in craniomaxillofacial calvarial bone

359–361, 472

Skull, donor site for free bone grafts,

graft harvesting, 700–712

Scapular flap, for mandibular

296–297

in osteotomies for Apert syndrome

reconstruction, 389–390

Skull base

reconstructions, 753–754

Scar tissue, fibrous, in bone healing, 125

reconstruction of, after cancer surgery,

Rigid internal fixation (RIF)

Schneiderian membrane, tearing of, in the

292

for bimaxillary surgery, 522–538

sinus lift procedure, 189, 193–194

transfacial access osteotomies to,

in the growing facial skeleton,

Schuchardt procedure, posterior maxillary

489–496

disadvantages of, 693

osteotomy, 586–587

Smoking

in horizontal osteotomy of the

Schwannoma, suprasellar, transfacial

association with mandibular

symphysis, 612

access to, 493

osteomyelitis, 435

Index

783

in the Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy,

for anterior mandibular arch

Treatment

654

reconstruction, after surgery, 290

for hemifacial microsomia, 684,

midface, 656–657

for bilateral maxillary defect

733–736

in mandibular midline split, 648

reconstruction, 439–444

for orbital hypertelorism, 740

in mandibular sagittal split ramus

combination with adaptable condyles,

Treatment planning. See Planning

osteotomy, 640

372

Trends, in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction,

in nasal reconstruction, 484–488

for dental implant restoration, 275–278

310–316. See also Research

in subapical osteotomy, 650–651

for reconstruction of mandibular

Trigonocephaly deformity

See also Surgical technique

continuity defects, 321–323, 337,

in metopic synostosis, 675–677

Teeth

397

secondary, 34

characteristics of, in bilateral cleft

Titanium implants, 1, 110–111

Tumors

patients, 557

experimental evaluation of

benign

cleft-adjacent, variations of, 540

osseointegration of, 128–129

differentiating, 62

eruption of, effect of cleft alveolar

miniplate, in orbital hypertelorism

maxillofacial, 59–64

osseous defect, 542

reconstruction, 744

lymphatic and hemopoietic, in patients

Telecanthus, in a Tessier No. 12 cleft,

plasma-sprayed, dental, 140

with steel hip implant, 619

28

reactivity of metal in, 110

nasal, 55, 57

Temporalis osteomuscular flap, for

reconstruction plates, 336–337

nonodontogenic, within the facial bones,

maxillofacial reconstruction, 301

substructure fabrication, 239

62–64

Temporal region, evaluating in

Tobacco use, and mouth cancer, 65. See

odontogenic, 59–62

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 11

also Smoking

resection of, craniomaxillofacial

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Tomography, multidirectional, of the

deformity secondary to, 6

ankylosis of, condylar prostheses in

craniomaxillofacial region,

suprasellar, 489

surgery for, 377

211–212

See also Malignancies

defective, replacement of, in hemifacial

Torquing, with rigid fixation, 639

Turricephaly, defined, 10

microsomia, 734

Townes view, of screw fixation of a plate

Twins, monozygotic, discordance for

degenerative changes in, and

reconstruction, 401

hemifacial microsomia in, 727–728

immobilization of the mandible,

Tragion (Tg), for evaluation of

606

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

U

dysfunction of, identifying prior to

Transcutaneous suction-irrigation systems,

Unilateral complete cleft lip and palate

orthognathic surgery, 506

for managing posttraumatic

(UCLP), deformities in, 556–557

restoration of, 291, 343

osteomyelitis, 433

Unilock module, 273–275

Tessier classification

Transfacial access osteotomies, 489–496

Universal fracture plates, maintenance of

of craniofacial clefts, 23–29

Transglabellar approach, for transfacial

the blood supply of microvascular

of craniofacial deformities, 52–53

access osteotomy, 495

grafts with, 322–324

of craniosynostosis syndromes, 35–37

Transmandibular approach

Upper facial plane (UFP), for evaluation of

Thalidomide, hemifacial microsomia-like

to the central and anterolateral skull

craniomaxillofacial relationships, 8

defects from animal studies with,

base, 491–494

728

Transmaxillary approach

V

Three-Dimensionally Bendable

to the central and anterolateral skull

van der Meulen classification, of clefts, 29

Reconstruction Plate system, for

base, 491–494

Vascularized bone grafts (VGBs), 310–313

fixation of bone grafts, 321, 323

to the skull base, 494–495

for mandibular reconstruction, 389–390

Throat point (C), for evaluation of

Transorbitozygomatic approach, to the

for temporomandibular joint

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

skull base, 496

reconstruction, 462

Tibia, donor site for autogenous bone

Transplant, defined, 124–125

Vascularized free-bone grafts, to bridge

grafts, 300

Transverse interrelationships, in skeletal

mandibular defects, 399

Tip-defining point (Tp), for evaluation of

malocclusion, 39–42

Vascular supply

craniomaxillofacial deformity, 7

Trauma

of the anterior maxillary segment, 590

Tissue reactions

avulsion injuries, 43

in bone grafts, 125–126

to ITI material in implants, 140

mandible module for repair in, 269–271

of the chin bone, preserving in

versus polarization resistance of metals

nasal injury from, 56

genioplasty, 623

and metal alloys, 107–108

Treacher Collins syndrome

in craniomaxillofacial deformity, 90

to polymers for bone fixation,

aesthetic repair in, 283

ensuring in maxillary osteotomies,

114–115

classification of cranial bone

595–596

See also Soft tissue

deformities, 97

of grafts, 127

Titanium Hollow Screw Reconstruction

incomplete form of, Tessier No. 6 cleft,

and outcomes, 132

Plate (THORP)

27–28

Velopharyngeal incompetence, timing of

advantages of, 323–324

principles of management of, 685–686,

evaluation for corrective

in condylar reconstruction, 381

688–689

pharyngoplasty, 551

784

Index

Veneering materials, for dental implant

Wassmund technique, 601

X

restoration, 240–241

inverted “L” osteotomy, 610

Xenogeneic grafts, maxillary sinus, 184

Virchow classification

in labial and palatal anterior segmental

X-ray, of bone repair with fibula double-

of craniofacial deformities, 35

osteotomy, 589, 653–654

barrel vascularized graft, 332

of facial clefting, 30

Water’s view

Vision

for assessing maxillary sinus, 175

Z

impairment of, in craniosynostosis, 673

for assessing osteosynthesis plate

Zygoma

improving with surgery, in Apert

location, 212

biodegradable materials for fixation of

syndrome, 750

Wegener granulomatosis, nasoseptal

fractures of, 117

measuring the acuity of, 12

manifestations of, 57

classification of deformities of, 93–94

Vitamin D deficiencies, effect on

Wire fixation, for craniomaxillofacial bone

Zygomatic arch

development, 5

healing, 101–102

defect of, calvarial bone graft for

Wound dehiscence, in genioplasty,

reconstruction of, 708–709

W

634

evaluating, in craniomaxillofacial

Waardenburg syndrome, 12

Wunderer technique, 601

deformity, 15

Warfarin, nasal deformities due to in utero

for anterior maxillary segmental

Zygomatic maxillary complex (ZMC),

exposure to, 50

osteotomy, 590

fracture of, aesthetic repair, 281