Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Transfer the sentences from Active into Passive.

M o d e l 1. The manager examines organizational structure of the firm. Organizational structure of the firm is examined by the manager.

1. Vice-president gives orders to his employees.

2. I receive orders from the sales manager.

3. My friend holds a position of general manager.

4. Personnel office receives resumes from prospective candidates.

5. Staff departments do different services to line departments.

6. He takes the orders and fulfils the task very quickly usually.

M o d e l 2. My friend is examining the organizational chart. The organizational chart is being examined by my friend.

1. I'm sending my annual report to my immediate superior.

2. The foreman is firing his immediate subordinate.

3. Comptroller is giving the orders to his employees.

4. We are changing the organizational structure of our company.

5. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the company.

M o d e l 3. I have invested my money in real estate.

My money has been invested in real estate.

1. We have considered advantages and disadvantages of partnership.

2. I have bought the shares of IBM company.

3. This business has involved big financial resources.

4. We have elected the board of directors.

5. The board of directors have chosen the company officers.

L e s s o n 6 accounting

Text

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.

Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.

One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms operating efficiency.

The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.

Active Vocabulary

accounting бухгалтерский учет

record документ, запись, протокол

to record записывать, регистрировать

to measure измерять

transaction сделка, банковская операция

firm's financial condition финансовое положение фирмы

to provide data обеспечивать данными

creditor кредитор

independent независимый

income statement отчет о доходах

balance sheet балансовый отчет

to receive получать

to spend тратить

ratio analysis анализ коэффициентов

profitability прибыльность

Return on Investment Ratio коэффициент возвращения инвестиций

efficiency эффективность, производительность

to evaluate оценивать

value ценность, стоимость

ownership собственность

overall financial structure полная финансовая структура