Index

(3-HKG),

279

3D images,

460

α-crystallin,

264, 285, 333

α-hydroxy acids,

384

Abbe refractometer,

244, 261

ablation,

84, 96, 388

absolute concentrations

of deoxyhemoglobin, 476

of the blood components,

455

absolute viscosity,

303

absorption,

7, 331, 380

absolute,

482

bands,

273

centers,

7

coefficient,

7, 10, 70, 81, 117, 133, 194,

202, 205, 322, 419, 466

cross section,

272, 331

dynamical,

314

spectrum,

7

acanthocytes,

417

acetic acid,

333, 446

acetowhitening effect,

446

acoustic wave (AW),

67, 79, 85

acoustooptical interactions,

85

acoustooptical tomography (AOT),

85

actinic keratosis,

493

adenomatous polyps,

485

adiabatic piezo-optical coefficient,

87

adventitia,

35

aggregation,

255, 264, 303, 332, 409

of high-molecular-weight proteins, 285

aggregation-disaggregation effects,

416

albedo, 201

for single scattering,

11

albumin,

333, 419

amphiphilic drugs,

385

amplitude

anhydrous glycerol,

397

anisotropy

factor,

133

parameter,

514

scattering factor,

410

antenna properties,

583

anterior human eye chamber,

257

aorta,

198, 211, 394, 438, 443

wall,

63

apoptosis,

122

apparent absorbance,

372

approximation of hard spheres,

111, 266,

274

arbitrary shaped particles, 45

arterial wall,

541

arterioles,

404

artery,

571

astrocytoma,

210

asymmetry

coefficient,

546

parameter,

292

infrared (ATR FTIR),

130, 373

attenuation coefficient,

10, 336

effective,

13

total, 213, 380, 408

autocorrelation function,

518

first-order,

303

of intensity fluctuations,

296

autofluorescence (AF),

120, 399

average contrast,

400

averaged spectrum,

523

averaging

over an ensemble,

296

over the time,

296

backscattering,

7, 202, 453

geometry,

467

polarization imaging,

490

properties,

573

bacterial growth cycle,

425

balanced detector,

323

ballistic,

506

(coherent) component,

23

photon,

64, 318, 344, 459

banana shape,

453

barium-sulfate,

193

baroreflex effect,

541

Barrett’s esophagus,

487

basal cell cancers,

446

beam waist,

301

benign,

34

mastopathies,

453

beta-carotene,

456

bilirubin,

8

bimodal system of scatterers,

274

bioheat equation,

91, 92

biovibrations,

303, 540

birefringence,

264, 278, 393, 395, 503

linear,

38, 505

of form,

507

stress-induced,

508

black India ink,

133

blood, 4, 8, 99, 212, 522

absorption,

361

aggregation,

413

cells,

4

cerebral

blood flow (CBF),

405

blood oxygen saturation,

482

circulation,

392

clearing,

421

deoxygenation,

34

flow,

93, 528, 529, 531, 571, 583

full-field,

533

imagers,

533

imaging,

404, 531

velocity,

404

glucose analyzers,

431

hematocrit,

112

hemoglobin,

464

volume,

97

hemolysis,

421

microcirculation,

517

microvessel,

522

oxygenation,

531

perfused tissues,

222

perfusion,

92, 363

rate,

92

plasma,

243, 410, 420

osmolarity,

97, 408, 417

Index

sedimentation,

409

vessel,

95, 96

thick,

304

thin,

304

volume,

34, 439, 453, 454, 474, 498

Boltzmann constant,

303

bone, 35, 508, 585

boundary

conditions,

12, 92, 459

effects,

480

field,

300, 546

brain,

34, 62, 96, 473, 482, 538

activity,

93

adult,

482

cortex,

93

infant,

453

tissue,

210, 454

breast,

96, 458

cancer,

480

female,

451, 459

tissue,

9, 34, 92, 212, 252

tumor,

474

broadband source,

323

Brownian motion,

314, 526

bulk water,

373

burns,

93

scars,

493

butylene glycol,

373

C

capillaries,

404

capillary blood flow,

307

carcinomas in situ (CIS), 485

cardiac muscle,

35

cardiodiagnostics,

544

carotenoids,

124

cartilage,

5, 37, 109, 332

cataract diagnosis,

517

cataractous,

322, 562

crystalline lens,

302, 521

lens,

107

Cauchy coefficients,

243

color,

495

cooled,

453, 455, 492

fiber-coupled,

206

cell

carcinoma,

557

deformability,

112

epithelial,

107

fat, 4, 212

fibroblast,

557

membrane,

6, 229

nuclei,

5

photoacoustic cell, 68

cerebellum,

210

cerebral blood

flow (CBF),

405

oxygen saturation, 405

cerebral cortex,

62

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),

142

cervical disorders,

446

chemical agent

diffusion coefficient,

337

hyperosmotic,

332, 392

chemical potential,

341, 353

chiral effects,

38

choroid,

198, 356

chromaticity coordinates,

356

ciliary body,

95, 198, 350, 356

coagulating process,

95

coagulation,

210

of blood,

220

coefficient,

380

absorption,

7, 10, 70, 81, 117, 133, 194,

202, 205, 322, 419, 466

adiabatic piezo-optical,

87

asymmetry,

546

attenuation,

10, 336

effective,

13

total,

213

Cauchy,

243

correlation,

300

diffusion

chemical agent,

337

ensemble-averaged extinction, 48

extinction,

10, 111

Gaussian correlation,

300

Mie, 110, 134

photon diffusion,

13, 14, 312, 313

of permeability,

338

of reflection,

565

scattering,

10, 112, 117, 133, 194, 202,

318, 331, 339, 379, 382, 453

transport,

13

scattering,

421

coenzymes,

512

coherence

gating,

579, 584

length,

313, 320, 582

coherent

detection imaging (CDI),

584

radar,

576

scattering effects,

67

cataract,

445, 518

cold-induced,

264, 454

collagen,

35, 106, 120, 124, 325, 333, 342,

367, 400, 512

bundles,

259

denaturation,

444

fibers,

35, 257, 335, 441, 503, 505, 554,

573

fibrils,

259, 353

hydrated,

260, 395

type I,

81

orientation,

403

reversible dissociation,

333

secondary structure,

325

swelling,

210

collimated transmittance,

10, 144, 344,

368, 451

colloid isoelectric point,

341

colon, 483

colonic mucosa,

391

colonic precancerous lesions,

485

color characteristics,

276

color coding of the velocities,

307

columnar epithelia, 487

(CMOS)

camera,

569, 576

detector array,

576

image sensor,

533

compression,

332

computed tomography (CT),

586

conjunctiva,

198, 356

contrast,

292, 383, 495, 546

of interference fringes, 299

copolarized radiation, 490

coproporphyrin,

120

core temperature of the body,

92

cornea,

5, 108, 257, 262, 301, 342, 503,

518

corneal stroma,

503

corneocytes,

385

coronary artery,

37

correlation

coefficient,

300

transverse,

300

corrected distribution,

109

diffusion equation, 313

function,

546

length,

290

of phase fluctuations,

301

time,

537

cortical bone,

211

cosmetic lotions,

333, 367

cranial bones,

448

cross-correlation

amplitude,

323

function,

524, 548

low-frequency,

470

cross-polarization,

573

optical coherence tomography, 573

cross-polarized

component,

490

image,

492

cryosurgery,

445

crystalline lens,

301, 517, 518, 520

crystalline phase,

442

crystallins,

520

828

cuff occlusions,

531

CW reflection spectroscopy,

457

cytochromes,

100, 120

cytometry,

299

cytoplasm,

105, 229

D

D-periodicity,

342

dark-field illumination,

96

decorrelation

of speckles,

544

time,

306

deflection technique,

70

degree

of circular polarization (DOCP),

41

of compression,

459

of linear polarization (DOLP),

41

of permeability,

340

of polarization (DOP),

41, 493

of temporal coherence of light,

298

dehydration,

332, 392, 396

effect,

115

of the collagen,

555

delay time,

302

densely packed system,

339

disperse,

262

density,

500

packing,

272

dental enamel,

35, 84

dentin,

84, 252

dentinal tubules, 35

deoxyhemoglobin,

244, 440, 452

absolute concentrations of,

476

absorption spectra,

210

deoxygenation,

474

depolarization,

514

depth,

421

effects,

547, 550

length,

60, 62, 393, 495, 497

dermis,

8, 131, 326, 333, 341, 367, 400,

402, 441, 442, 505

animal,

198

permeability,

376

detection bandwidth,

583

detector, acoustic,

71

dextran,

409, 421

macromolecules,

413

low-molecular,

407

diabetes,

518

mellitus,

563

retinopathy,

520

diagnostic window,

8

diattenuation (linear dichroism), 44

dichroism,

38, 278

circular,

38

linear (diattenuation),

44

diffraction

of diffuse photon density waves,

479

Index

of focused laser beams,

546

diffusion

approximation,

14, 82, 467, 510

characteristic time,

337

coefficient,

303

chemical agent,

337

of glucose,

364

of glucose in dermis,

376

of molecules,

337

of water,

371

hindered, 338

of water,

366, 385, 555

resistance,

366

theory,

14, 113, 144

type equation,

13

wave spectroscopy (DWS),

310, 526

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),

367, 371,

386, 390

dinucleotide (FAD),

120

dipropylene glycol,

373

directed motion,

528

disaggregation,

332

discrete ordinates method,

16

dispersion

compensation,

568

formula,

252

of heights,

304

displacement,

544

dissolved matter,

337, 341

flux,

353

distribution of blood velocity,

536

DNA,

10

Doppler

anemometers (LDAs),

517

effect,

303, 586

flowmetry,

531

fluctuations,

303

frequency,

320, 565

shift,

571

microscopes (LDMs),

517

optical coherence tomography, 571, 583

scanning systems,

306

shift,

323

signal,

571

spectroscopy,

302

dorsal skin flap window preparation,

404

double integrating sphere method,

144, 202

dryness,

551

dual-beam

coherent interferometry,

320

interferometer,

298

Michelson interferometer,

320

dynamic digital microscopy,

524

dynamic focusing, 578

dynamic inhomogeneities,

528

dynamic range, 583

early cancerous conditions,

483

echo delay time,

320

edema,

334, 343, 375

effective aperture,

584

elastic modulus,

541

elastin,

6, 35, 106, 120, 124, 367, 512

fibers,

400

electronic,

25

correlator,

526

electrooptic modulators,

284

electrophoretic applicator,

374

electroporation, 389

elliptically polarized,

40

enamel,

228

prisms,

35

ensemble average,

312

ensemble-averaged extinction coefficient,

48

epidermal chromophores,

195

epidermal layer,

4

epidermis,

8, 131, 297, 301, 333, 367, 382,

496, 505, 557

psoriatic,

550

episclera,

258

epithelial cancer,

485, 514

epithelium,

391, 484

ciliary pigmented,

362

corneal,

558

dysplastic,

5

pseudo-stratified, 579

stratified squamous,

487

transitional,

487

erythema,

123, 334, 374, 439, 440

index,

498

erythrocyte,

4, 108, 199, 287, 507

aggregation,

287, 408

cytoplasm,

407

sedimentation rate (ESR),

563

erythroderma, psoriatic,

566

esophagus,

391, 483

ethanol,

385

extinction

coefficient,

10, 111

molar,

117

cross section,

10

extracellular fluid,

229

eye

fundus,

517

lens,

108, 263

nodal plane,

562

sclera,

280

false-color map of contrast,

307

far zone,

312, 395

far-field zone,

289, 304

Faraday rotator,

573

fast Fourier transform (FFT),

479

fat, 8, 93, 452

skin,

551

Food Drug Administration (FDA), 386

femtosecond laser pulses,

435

fiber bundles,

482

fiber-optic QELS probe,

518

fiber-optical piezoelectric converter,

566

fiber-optical scanning catheter,

579

fibrils,

257

orientation,

506

packing of,

342

fibroblasts,

6, 35

finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)

approach,

425

first moment,

534

first-order statistics, 551

flavin,

512

mononucleotide (FMN),

120, 456

flow

biological,

303

blood,

93, 528, 529, 531, 571, 583

imagers,

533

imaging,

404, 531

velocity,

404

capillary blood,

307

cerebral blood (CBF),

405

cytometry,

229

lymph,

522

maps,

535

random,

314

shear flow,

314, 529

velocity,

220, 583

fluid diffusion,

336

fluid transport,

352

fluorescein,

121, 389

fluorescence,

116, 397, 439

anisotropy,

119

excitation-emission maps (EEMs),

123

lifetime,

118

imaging,

122

polarization anisotropy,

511

polarization measurements,

509

resonant energy transfer method,

121

scanning microscopy,

124

spectra,

117, 121

spectrometers,

121

tomography,

120

total intensity,

510

fluorescing dyes,

121

fluorometers,

518

fluorophore,

509–511, 513

flux of matter,

338

830

focus tracked condition,

254

follicular long-term reservoir,

389

Fourier

domain,

569

transform, inverse,

569

fractal

dimension,

107, 114, 211

distribution,

205

frame grabber,

307, 536

Franz diffusion chamber,

370

Fraunhofer

diffraction approximation,

46

zone,

295

freckles,

493

free diffusion,

338

freezing,

443

frequency-domain (FD)

method,

28

optical mammography apparatus,

479

optothermal radiometry technique,

84

spectrometer,

429, 476

spectroscopy,

31

techniques,

463

frequency-swept (chirped) AW,

88

Fresnel

reflection,

10

zone,

295

formulas,

197

full-field

blood flow,

533

optical coherence microscopy,

577

optical coherence tomography,

575

G

gamma radii distribution,

106

gastrointestinal investigations,

580

Gaussian

beam,

588

correlation

coefficient,

300

function,

304

light beams,

19

line profile,

320

random quantities,

313

sharply focused,

304

size distribution,

484

statistic,

292, 301, 302, 304, 542, 544,

phase,

442

glaucoma,

95, 287, 501

globulin,

419

glucose,

330, 332, 333, 350, 356, 364, 367,

Index

diffusion in water,

376

gel,

373

injection,

375, 383, 397

molecules,

248

sensing,

428

transport,

359

water solution,

350, 420

glue-strippings, 561

glycated hemoglobin (GHb), 249, 507

glycerol,

333, 351, 364, 367, 373,

381–383, 388, 390, 400, 404, 407–409,

421, 507, 538

based polymers (PPG),

332

gel,

373

injection,

375

water solutions,

333, 367

glycosaminoglycans,

258

Golgi apparatus,

11

goniometric techniques,

202

goniophotometry,

192

gray matter, 210

ground matter, 333

group refractive index,

252, 321, 408

Grüneisen parameter,

75

gyaluronic acid,

384

hair follicles,

387

harmonic vibrations,

298

head, 142

of an infant mouse,

585

heart valve

leaflet,

505

sounds,

541

heartbeat,

307

heat

conduction,

92

conductivity,

71

transfer process, 92

heating,

389

temperature,

444

hematocrit,

108, 212, 213, 220, 334, 408,

416, 420

hematoporphyrin,

120

hemodynamics,

517

hemoglobin, 8, 120, 248, 273, 419

absorption,

364

concentration,

419, 421, 463, 466, 473

total,

482

oxygenation,

123

saturation,

334

total,

476

hemolysis,

213, 404, 411

hemolyzed blood,

273

heterodyne,

465, 480

beat frequency,

569

beat signal,

323

detection,

570, 584

laser interferometers,

540

mixing,

480

part of the spectrum,

304

photon-correlation spectrometer,

517

signal,

90

technique,

322

heterodyning,

464

high-molecular dextran,

407

Hilbert transform,

246

holographic microscopy,

556

homodyne,

465

detector,

312

interferometer,

543

photon-correlation spectrometer,

517

system,

468

horny-skin layer,

7

human

epidermal membrane (HEM),

385

finger,

585

gingiva,

93

skin barrier function,

386

humidity,

367

hyaline cartilage,

579

hydration,

259, 341, 342, 368, 373, 385,

442

physiological,

342

hydrocephalus, 476

hydrodynamic radius,

303

hydrostatic,

341

pressure,

341

hydroxyapatite crystals,

35, 211

hydroxyethyl cellulose,

373

hypaque,

330, 332, 436

hyperdermal injection,

383

hyperosmotic agent,

352, 400, 408, 555

hyperosmotic properties,

335

hyperpolarizability, molecular,

326

hypertonic conditions,

417

total time,

535

immersion agent,

364

flux,

371

impedance, acoustic,

102

in-phase

mixer,

467

quadrature (IQ) demodulator, 465

incoherent superposition,

581

index of refraction,

425

complex,

246, 273, 279, 331

effective,

111

fluctuations,

547

indocyanine green (ICG),

121, 133, 389

induced brain activity,

454

Infracyanine,

460

infrared emission images,

83

integrating sphere technique, 438

integration time, 308

intensity

autocorrelation function,

302

fluctuations,

304, 306, 312, 522, 532,

534, 546

probability distribution function (PDF),

292

interchannel cross talk,

470

interference

destructive,

292

fringe,

301, 571

of speckle fields,

298

interferential fringes,

561

interparticle

correlation effects,

420

forces,

266

interstitial fluid (ISF),

105, 260, 435, 437

intestine,

524

intradermal injection,

375

of glycerol, 404

intraepithelial neoplasia,

446

Intralipid,

133, 138, 528, 588

intraocular hemorrhage,

287

intrinsic birefringence,

507

inverse

keratinocytes, 333, 557

kidney choroids,

93

Kirchhoff approximation, 544

Kramers-Kronig relationships, 246

Kubelka-Munk

model (KMM),

143, 193

theory, 16

lamellae,

257

lamellar bundles,

258

lamina

fusca,

258

propia,

391

Langer’s skin tension lines,

441

Laplace transform,

494

laser

ablation, 389

anemometry, 299

beam, sharply focused,

561

confocal scanning microscopy, 121, 389,

557

cyclophotocoagulation,

95

Doppler

anemometer (LDA),

517

flowmetry/velocimetry, 518

imaging (LDI),

533

interferometry,

320

microscopes (LDM’s),

517

technique,

541

velocimetry,

303

vibrometer,

541

generated stress waves,

388

induced

222

pressure transient (LIPT),

101

interferential retinometers, 302, 561

speckle

contrast analysis (LASCA),

307

imaging (LSI), 535

velocimeter,

526

lateral resolution,

315

lattice of islets of damage (LID),

372

law

Beer-Lambert, modified,

454

Bouguer-Beer-Lambert,

10, 143, 272,

336

exponential,

451

Fick’s, 338

of Gladstone and Dale,

105, 252, 338

stress optic,

508

least-scattering photons, 506

Index

least-squares fitting,

380, 435

left circular analyzer,

41

lens,

228, 257, 562

cataract,

483

opaque,

257

transparency, 264

lenslet approach,

551

leukocytes,

4, 108

Levenberg-Marquardt minimization,

485

ligaments,

587

light

backscattered,

498

circularly polarized,

40, 60

depolarization,

573

dichronism linear (diattenuation),

44

dosimetry,

222

linearly polarized,

393, 492

penetration depth,

22

reflection,

437

scattering,

373, 403, 435

angular distribution,

10

dynamic,

302

elements,

285

angular dependencies,

284

matrix (LSM),

44, 274, 281

source, low-coherent,

320

spectroscopy,

483