Учебное пособие по английскому

Objective Infinitive Construction

(Complex Object)

Exercise 1. A. Identify Infinitive Construction and give the Russian translation.

1. One can assume this to be self-evident. 2. One can expect the scope of research to expand steadily. 3. Most people believe the amount of effort in science to be somehow correlated with the standard of living in the country. 4. Nowadays we see many new areas of research come into being as a result of unexpected breakthroughs. 5. One can watch more and more people move into biology from other areas of research. 6. The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to this field of research. 7. An efficient laboratory head always knows how to get his people to do their work properly and on time. 8. If one is really interested in science, one does not like any problem, however difficult, to be left unsolved. 9. One will naturally think such course of events to be disastrous not only for science but for the future of mankind.

Exercise 2. Learn to distinguish between indefinite and perfect infinitives. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The history of the last 30 years shows him to have done very well. 2. We know him to have established a school of his own. 3. We do not expect him to throw away an opportunity like this. 4. We know him to have objected to this style of research on previous occasions. 5. They considered all water or the surface of this planet to have been liberated by volcanic action.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Objective Infinitive Construction.

1. Experiments have proved the pressure of a gas at fixed temperature to depend on its concentration. 2. We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions. 3. One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable. 4. On assuming the body with the mass m to be acted upon by force f, let us calculate the acceleration. 5. They found radon to be 3 times as heavy as hydrogen. 6. Let us take the volume of this body to equal v. 7. We consider this work to be the most serious attempt made to interpret experimental results in terms of «band tail» theory.

161

APPENDIX I

TIPS FOR TRANSLATION

Главной задачей любого перевода является передача содержания подлинника средствами другого языка с соблюдением строя последнего и, по возможности, с сохранением стиля оригинала. Необходимо понять, насколько допустимо в русском (английском) языке то или иное словосочетание, правильно ли «звучит» предложение на фоне общего контекста. Для того, чтобы перевод был литературным и в то же время точным, необходимо сочетать два подхода к переводу текста. Первый - буквальный, максимально приближенный к тексту, второй – это литературная обработка текста. Первый способствует глубокому пониманию оригинала текста, второй позволяет убрать «лишние» слова, добавить нужные, эквивалента которым нет в подлиннике.

Чтобы перевод получился литературным и точным, необходимо провести работу над текстом в несколько этапов:

1.Прочтите текст первый раз без словаря, составьте общее представление о ком или о чём идёт речь, место действия, время действия и т.п.

2.Повторное чтение поможет более точно определить незнакомые слова, уяснить детали повествования. На этом этапе можно составить список незнакомых слов. Опасайтесь «ложных друзей переводчика», слов, которые при внешнем сходстве расходятся по своему значению.

Actual Фактический (но не актуальный) Especially Особенно (но не специально) Intelligent Умный (но не интеллигентный) Prospect Перспектива (но не проспект) и др.

3.Работа со словарём – следующий этап. Значительные трудности при переводе вызывает многозначность слов, когда бывает непросто подобрать нужное значение слова для данного контекста. Например, cash, bus, clockкомпьютерные термины. Запомните! Переводу подлежат не слова, а понятия и значения слов. Текст не является простой суммой слов, поэтому необходим следующий этап работы над переводом текста.

4.Синтаксический анализ предложения.

5.Написание черновика перевода. На этом этапе можно собрать всё, что Вы обнаружили в словаре, записать несколько вариантов перевода, вычеркнуть лишнее и добавить слова или словосочетания, характерные для русского или английского языка.

6.Заключительный этап работы – составление текста перевода. Постарайтесь придать ему литературную форму, но не забывайте о близких к оригиналу формулировках. Ваш перевод должен показать Ваше умение хорошо формировать высказывание на русском или английском языке и Вашу способность глубоко понимать иноязычный текст.

162

Пример:

An Imaginary Tour

Architects can now “walk” clients through a new building long before the foundation is even poured-thanks to new computer-aided design programs. Clients have the opportunity to make changes and to see the results almost instantly. Want three windows rather than two? Wonder what the room would look like if the door was a little to the left? How would the room “feel” if the walls were brick rather than wood? Today it’s no problem.

The process of building a model of a room on a computer has several stages. First the architect sets the objects in space and defines their characteristics, such as shape of surface finish. Then a perspective of the room is chosen so the computer can orient the view it will create. What can and cannot be seen must be calculated, as well as angle, reflections, color, and intensity of light. The result can either be viewed on a computer screen, printed, or put directly onto a color side. The program can also let people “walk” through famous buildings on the other side of the world.

Воображаемое путешествие

Архитекторы могут теперь «гулять» вместе с клиентами по новому зданию задолго до закладки фундамента - благодаря новым ПАП. Клиенты имеют возможность вносить изменения и почти немедленно видеть результат. Хотите три окна вместо двух? Интересно, как выглядела бы комната, если дверь немного переместить влево? Как бы комната «чувствовалась», если бы стены были кирпичные, а не деревянные? Сегодня это не проблема.

Процесс создания компьютерной модели комнаты имеет несколько стадий. Сначала архитектор устанавливает объекты в пространстве и определяет их характеристики, например тип отделки поверхности. Когда перспектива комнаты выбрана, компьютер может показать, как будет выглядеть созданная им комната. Видимое и невидимое должно быть рассчитано точно также как угол, отблески, цвет и интенсивность света. Результат можно посмотреть на экране компьютера, напечатать или поместить прямо на цветной слайд. Программа также позволяет людям «гулять» по знаменитым сооружениям, даже если они расположены на другом конце света.

TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION

Critical Response to the iPad

At first glance, the iPad looks like an iPhone or iPod touch on steroids. It’s much larger than those two related devices, yet smaller than a notebook computer.

Only time will tell whether the iPad becomes a success or another one of Apple’s brilliant ideas gone awry. Media outlets have weighed in and had plenty to say. Some question the device’s utility, especially considering the iPad is not more significantly functional than an iPhone. The iPad is still limited to operating one application at a time. You can’t run multiple tasks like you can with a PC. This limits its productivity

163

and, in essence, relegates the iPad to nothing more than a digital reader with Internet and multimedia capabilities. That being said, it still can be used for note taking and some productivity thanks to Apple’s decision to make the iWork productivity suite of Keynote, Pages and Numbers available for the device for an extra cost. Still, you can’t run Microsoft World (although you can open and read World documents), nor can you run advanced programs such as Photoshop and InDesign like you’d run on your PC.

Like every other portable device in Apple’s line, you can’t replace the iPad’s battery. Should you get to the end of the iPad battery’s lifespan, which Apple estimates is around five years, you would send your device to Apple for a replacement at a cost of $99. that may not be so bad, considering batteries are usually expensive for portable devices and five years is much longer than you’d get out of many batteries in other devices.

What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is a proven software technology that is rapidly transforming the IT landscape and fundamentally changing the way that people compute. Today’s powerful x86 computer hardware was designed to run a single operating system and a single application. This leaves most machines vastly underutilized. Virtualization lets you run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, sharing the resources of that single computer across multiple environments. Different virtual machines can run different operating systems and multiple applications on the same physical computer. While others are leaping aboard the virtualization bandwagon now, VMware is the market leader in virtualization. The technology is production-proven, used by more than 170,000 customers.

Virtualization was first developed in the 1960s to partition large, mainframe hardware for better hardware utilization. Today, computers based on x86 architecture are faced with the same problems of rigidity and underutilization that mainframes faced in the 1960s. VMware invented virtualization for the x86 platform in the 1990s to address underutilization and other issues, overcoming many challenges in the process. Today, VMware is the global leader in x86 Virtualization.

Introduction to How Stealth Bombers Work

The B-2 bomber, commonly known as the stealth bomber, was an ambitious project, to say the least. In the 1970s, the US military wanted a replacement for the aging B-52 bomber. They needed a plane that could carry nuclear bombs across the globe, to the Soviet Union, in only a few hours. And they wanted it to be nearly invisible to enemy sensors.

As you might expect, hiding a giant plane is no easy task. Northrop Grumman, the defense firm that won the bomber contract, spent billions of dollars and nearly 10 years developing the top secret project. The finished product is a revolutionary machine - a 172-foot wide flying wings that looks like an insect to radar scanners! The craft is also revolutionary from an aeronautics perspective: It doesn’t have any of the standard stabilizing systems you find on a conventional airplane, but pilots say it flies as smoothly as fighter jet.

164

The B-2 bomber has a completely different design: It’s one big wing, like a boomerang.

This flying wing design is much more efficient than a conventional plane. Instead of separate wings supporting all the weight of the fuselage, the entire craft works to generate lift. Eliminating the tail and fuselage also reduces drag – the total force of air resistance acting on the plane.

Greater efficiency helps the B-2 travel long distances in a short period of time. It’s not the fastest craft around - the military says it’s high subsonic, meaning its top speed is just under the speed of sound (around 1,000 ft/sec or 305 m/s) – but it can go 6,900 miles (11,000 km) without refueling and 11,500 miles (18,500 km) with one inflight refueling. It can get anywhere on the Earth on short notice.

165

APPENDIX II

Assessment Criteria

Your presentation will be evaluated and marked (graded). Some of the specific aspects of the presentation that your teacher may critique include:

I. Delivery

A.Volume of Voice (Did you speak loud enough to be easily heard?)

B.Rate of Speech (Did you speak slow enough to be clearly understood?)

C.Pausing

D.Eye Contact

II.Structure

A. Introduction (who, why, what, how)

B. Organization of ideas (appropriate linking words and phrases) C. Signposting

D. Sufficient Persuasive Support/Example E. Summary of Main Points

F. Conclusion

III.Use of visual aids

IV. Rhetorical techniques

V. Accuracy (mistakes in)

A.Pronunciation

B.The use of grammar

C.The use of vocabulary

VI. Confidence and enthusiasm.

166

APPENDIX III

The Feedback Form. Full Presentation

Poor OK Yes! Wow Comments

Introduction

Who

Why

What

How

Variety

Signposting

Structuring

Delivery

Pausing

Pacing

Stressing

Conclusion

Signal

Summary

Conclusion/Recommendation

Closing Remarks

APPENDIX IV

Speech Preparation Worksheet

Use the following worksheet in preparation of your speech.

The purpose of the above worksheet is to start you thinking about the kind of information you will need and how you will organize material for your speech. We expect that you will change the information on your worksheet several times. That’s natural. After you are really pleased with it, you are ready to prepare your working outline.

1.Decide on a possible topic that is relevant to your work, company, research or interests.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2.Divide your topic into two or three important points to discuss in the main body of your speech.

Point 1:

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

167

Point 2:

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________

Point 3:

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________

3.Prepare your interesting attention-getting opening.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4.Prepare a preview of the main points you will talk about.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5.Main body

Point 1.

____________________________________________________________________

(write your supporting information for Point 1 below)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Point 2:

____________________________________________________________________

( write your supporting information for Point 2 below)

Point 3:

____________________________________________________________________

( write your supporting information for Point 3 below)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6.Describe possible visual aids you could use to help the audience see and experience what you are

talking about.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7.Prepare a summary of the main points in the body of your speech.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8.Prepare a conclusion.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

168

APPENDIX V

Checklists for Preparation and Presentation

Preparation

Checklist-Organization Date and time:

____________________________________________________________________

Length of time for talk:

_____________________________________________________________

Questions at the end? If yes, length of time for questions:

____________________________________________________________________

________________

Equipment needed:

________________________________________________________________

Checklists-Contents

Topic:

____________________________________________________________________

______

Three main points 1.___________________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________________

3.___________________________________________________________________

Purpose of talk (what do I want to do?) Inform the audience

Persuade the audience

Sell something to the audience Train the audience

Importance to audience:

169

What do I want audience to know by the end of talk:

_________________________________

Preparing visuals

How many visuals will I have?

Do they say (or show) what I want to say? Are they clear and simple to understand?

Will the audience be able to read them (size and colours)?

Do they have effective headlines?

Is there as little text as possible?

Have I remembered the rule of six?

Presentation

Checklist for Introduction

1.Welcome audience.

2.Introduce yourself (name, position/function).

3.State your topic.

4.Say why your topic is important for the audience.

5.Describe the structure of your talk (the main points and when you will be cleaning with them).

6.Say how long the talk will be.

7.Say when you will answer questions.

8.Say whether there are handouts.

Checklist for the main part of a presentation

1.Briefly state your topic and objective(s).

2.Signal the beginning of each part.

3.Talk about your topic.

4.Signal the end of each part.

5.Highlight the main points.

6.Outline the main points. (Summarize the main ideas)

7.Signal the end of the main part.

Checklist for Conclusions

1.Signal the end of your talk.

2.Summarize the key points.

3.Highlight one important point.

4.Explain the significance.

5.Make your final statement.

6.Invite questions.

Checklist for using visuals

1.Start by telling your audience what the visual illustrates.

2.Explain it if necessary.

3.Highlight the key points.

4.Say why these points are important (and explain the cause and effect).

5.Use different verbs to express movement/development.

170