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estimating the reserves is becoming more unpredictable; the process of calculating and subsequently classifying reserves of oil and gas and related substances; recommended reserves classification system; those quantities that are known to exist and to be economically recoverable are reserves; are further categorized depending on the level of certainty that they will be recovered; overall quality and consistency of reserves estimates; terminology recommended for classifying estimated quantities of oil and gas and related substances; those estimated quantities in accumulations yet to be discovered; that have been penetrated by a wellbore; quantities that are estimated to be recoverable in the future by known technology under specified economic conditions; currently uneconomic volumes; there is a 40 to 80 per cent probability that the estimated quantity will be recovered; based on the evaluator's assessment; reserves that will be recovered from specific wells, facilities and completion intervals in the pool; sufficient to cover future capital

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and operating costs; the impact of higher or lower price forecasts on estimates of reserves.

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DEFI>ITIO>S A>D GUIDELI>ES

FOR CLASSIFICATIO> OF OIL A>D GAS RESERVES

Introduction

(рекомендуется для устного перевода)

There are currently almost as many definitions for reserves as there are evaluators, oil and gas companies, financial agencies, securities commissions, and government departments. Each one uses its own version of the definitions for its own purposes.

But today, with the unstable economic conditions in the oil and gas industry, the lower quality of reservoirs that are being discovered, and the new recovery methods that are being developed, estimating the reserves is becoming more unpredictable. These factors have made it imperative to develop a universal set of definitions for reserves that will meet the needs of all users. Also important is the need for guidelines so that all evaluators and users will understand the process of calculating and subsequently classifying reserves of oil and gas and related substances.

The task of writing the reserves definitions was undertaken by the Petroleum Society's Standing Committee on Reserves Definitions. This document comprises the committee's 1993 report.

The definitions developed by this committee are similar to those currently in use, particularly in North America. They have been reviewed by users in the oil and gas industry, and representatives from regulatory agencies, government departments, industry associations, and technical and professional organizations.

This document presents the definitions of oil and gas resources and reserves and a recommended reserves classification system. Guidelines to illustrate the application of the definitions are presented, and at the end of the document is a glossary of related terms that have been prepared in conjunction with the definitions.

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The Standing Committee believes the recommended definitions and guidelines are suitable for use with respect to all types of oil and gas and related substances, including offshore situations and oil sands. Although those segments of the industry have used somewhat different terms and definitions, the principles reflected in the recommended definitions are applicable. The fundamental principle is that those quantities that are known to exist and to be economically recoverable are reserves. The total quantities, whether or not they have been discovered, are resources. Reserves and resources are further categorized depending on the level of certainty that they will be recovered.

It is the view of the Standing Committee that current reserves estimation methods and categories, in general, match the recommended definitions and guidelines. The committee hopes that, over time, reserves evaluators will increasingly conform to the recommendations and thus contribute to the overall quality and consistency of reserves estimates.

The document has been prepared by the Standing Committee on Reserves Definitions and sponsored by The Petroleum Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. The committee is composed of representatives of oil and gas companies, geological and petroleum engineering consulting firms, Canadian industry associations, financial and accounting organizations, regulatory agencies, and government.

The Standing Committee has received assistance from many individuals and organizations in the form of comments as it formulated the definitions and guidelines. The committee will continue to communicate with interested parties to ensure that its intent with respect to the recommended definitions is fully understood. The committee welcomes comments on its recommendations as well as any other aspects of reserves definitions and their applications. Since comments are being sought from those that use the recommendations, it is reasonable to expect that the definitions may change with time. If they do, the revisions will be available from the Petroleum Society.

Definitions

The terminology recommended for classifying estimated quantities of oil and gas and related substances, at a particular time, is

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presented in Figures 1 and 2. The definition of each term is presented in this chapter. Figure 1 and its related definitions set the framework for Figure 2 and its related definitions.

The major classes identified in this chapter are resources, remaining reserves, and cumulative production, each of which can be further divided into sub-classifications. Reserves ownership is also discussed.

Resources

Resources are the total quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to be contained in, or that have been produced from, known accumulations, plus those estimated quantities in accumulations yet to be discovered (Figure 1).

Discovered Resources or Initial Volumes in Place

Discovered resources, which may also be referred to as initial volumes in place (Figure 1), are those quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to be initially contained in known accumulations that have been penetrated by a wellbore. They comprise those quantities that are recoverable from known accumulations and those that will remain in known accumulations, based on known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Initial Reserves

Initial reserves are those quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to be recoverable from known accumulations. They include cumulative production plus those quantities that are estimated to be recoverable in the future by known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Unrecoverable Volumes

Unrecoverable volumes are those quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to remain

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in known accumulations because they are not recoverable by known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Unrecoverable volumes may be further divided into currently uneconomic volumes, which are those quantities that are currently estimated to be technically recoverable, but are not economically recoverable under the specified economic conditions, and residual unrecoverable volumes, which are those quantities that are unrecoverable by known technologies.

Undiscovered Resources or Future Initial Volumes in Place

Undiscovered resources, which may also be referred to as future initial volumes in place (Figure 1), are those in-place quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to exist in accumulations yet to be discovered.

Resources

FIGURE 1: Resources

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Future Initial Reserves

Future initial reserves are those quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to berecoverable from accumulations yet to be discovered by known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Future Unrecoverable Volumes

Future unrecoverable volumes are those quantities of oil and gas and related substances that are estimated, at a particular time, to remain in accumulations yet to be discovered because they are not recoverable by known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Remaining Reserves

Remaining reserves (Figure 2) are estimated quantities of oil and natural gas and related substances anticipated to be recoverable from known accumulations, from a given date forward, by known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Remaining Proved Reserves

Remaining proved reserves are those remaining reserves that can be estimated with a high degree of certainty, which for purposes of reserves classification means that there is generally an 80 per cent or greater probability that at least the estimated quantity will be recovered. These reserves may be divided into proved developed and proved undeveloped to identify the status of development. The proved developed may be further divided into producing and nonproducing categories.

Probable Reserves

Probable reserves are those remaining reserves that are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves, which for purposes of reserves classification means that generally there is a 40 to 80 per cent probability that the estimated quantity will be recovered. Both

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the estimated quantity and the risk-weighted portion reflecting the respective probability should be reported. These reserves can be divided into probable developed and probable undeveloped to identify the status of development.

Possible Reserves

Possible reserves are those remaining reserves that are less certain to be recovered than probable reserves, which for purposes of reserves classification means that generally there is a 10 to 40 per cent probability that the estimated quantity will be recovered. Both the estimated quantity and the risk-weighted portion reflecting the probability should be reported. These reserves can be divided into possible developed and possible undeveloped to identify the status of development.

Development and Production Status

Each of the three reserve classifications, proved, probable and possible, may be divided into developed and undeveloped categories (Figure 2). The developed category for proved reserves is often divided into producing and nonproducing.

Developed Reserves

Developed reserves are those reserves that are expected to be recovered from existing wells and installed facilities or, if facilities have not been installed, that would involve a low expenditure (i. e., when compared to the cost of drilling a well) to put the reserves on production.

Developed Producing Reserves

Developed producing reserves are those reserves that are expected to be recovered from completion intervals open at the time of the estimate. These reserves may be currently producing or, if shut in, they must have previously been on production, and the date of resumption of production must be known with reasonable certainty.

Developed Nonproducing Reserves

Developed nonproducing reserves are those reserves that either have not been on production, or have previously been on produc-

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tion, or have previously been on production, but are shut in, and the date of resumption of production is unknown.

Undeveloped Reserves

Undeveloped reserves are those reserves expected to be recovered from known accumulations where a significant expenditure (i. e., when compared to the cost of drilling a well) is required to render them capable of production.

In multi-well pools, it may be appropriate to allocate the total reserves for the pool between the developed and undeveloped categories or to subdivide the developed reserves for the pool between developed producing and developed nonproducing. This allocation should be based on the evaluator's assessment as to the reserves that will be recovered from specific wells, facilities and completion intervals in the pool and their respective development and production status.

Cumulative Production

(рекомендуется для письменного перевода)

Cumulative production comprises those marketable quantities of oil and gas and related substances that have been recovered to date from known accumulations (Figure 2).

Sales

Sales are produced quantities of oil and gas and related substances that have been sold to date.

Inventory

Inventory consists of quantities of oil and gas and related substances that have been produced and are available for future use.

Reserves Ownership

The terminology that is recommended for reporting the various ownership of quantities of oil and gas and related substances is as follows:

Gross remaining reserves are the total remaining reserves associated with the property in which an owner has an interest.

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Company gross remaining reserves comprise the company's lessor royalty, overriding royalty and working interest share of the gross remaining reserves, before deduction of any Crown, freehold, or overriding royalties payable to others.

Company net remaining reserves are the company's lessor royalty, overriding royalty, and working interest share of the gross remaining reserves, less all Crown, freehold, and overriding royalties payable to others.

Initial Reserves

Specified Economic Conditions

In order for oil and gas and related substances to be classified as reserves, they must be economic to recover at specified economic conditions. The estimator should use, as the specified economic conditions, a price forecast and other economic parameters that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future. The revenue, appropriately discounted, must be sufficient to cover future capital and operating costs that would be required to produce, process, and transport the products to the marketplace.

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If required by securities commissions or other agencies, current prices and costs may also be used. In either case, the economic conditions used in the evaluations should be clearly stated. Occasionally, the estimator also may wish to determine the impact of higher or lower price forecasts on estimates of reserves as compared to the most reasonable forecast. These cases (current, higher or lower prices) should not be reported as the most reasonable reserves estimates, but should be identified as sensitivity cases with the assumptions clearly stated. They illustrate the impact of different specified economic conditions on estimates of reserves.

V. Обсудите с англоязычным коллегой терминологию по оценке запасов и ресурсов, используемую в России и Канаде.

VI. Переведите письменно.

НАЧАЛЬНЫЕ И ИЗВЛЕКАЕМЫЕ ЗАПАСЫ НЕФТИ И ГАЗА

В период с 1936 г. по 1964 г. Американский Институт Нефти (American Petroleum Institute, или API) занимался установлением стандартов в целях определения подтвержденных запасов. Совместная публикация API и AGA (Американская газовая ассоциация) на эту тему вышла в свет в 1946 г. под названием «Подтвержденные запасы нефти, конденсата и природного газа». Позднее, в 1964 г., Обществом инженеровнефтяников США (SPE) выпущена брошюра, в которой определение запасов в целом соответствовало ранее опубликованному и скорректированному несколько позднее определению API. В 1979 г. Комиссия по ценным бумагам США (SEC) опубликовала свои определения, и вскоре определения, данные ранее SPE, были приведены в соответствие с определениями SEC и выпущены в свет в ноябре 1981 г. Наконец, в 1983 г. Мировой нефтяной конгресс опубликовал окончательную версию определения запасов: от подтвержденных до возможных. Отметим, что определения запасов, используемые в России и некоторых странах — бывших республиках Советского Союза,

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