Unit 8. Elements of Design. Scale.

I. Study the following list of words.

English	Phonetics	Translation
length(n.)	[lenθ]	длина
width(n.)	[widθ]	ширина
depth(n.)	[depθ]	глубина
scale(n.)	[‘skeil]	масштаб
evoke(v.)	[I’vəʊk]	вызывать(воспоминания)
grandeur(n.)	[‘grændʒə(r)]	величина
ceiling(n.)	[‘si:lin]	потолок
plane(n.)	[plæn]	плоскость
alter(v.)	[ælt]	менять
inhabit(v.)	[in’hæbit]	населять
volume(n.)	[‘vDlijʊ:m]	объём
enclosure(n.)	[in’kləʊʒə]	приложение
frame(n.)	[fleim]	рамка
fabric(n.)	[‘fæbrik]	ткань

II. Before you read discuss this question:

What do you keep in mind when you speak of scale?

III. Reading tasks

A. Look for more details in the text to answer the questions below.

The size of an object can be measured by the length, width, and depth of its surfaces. We may refer to inches, feet, and yards; square footage; or cubic measurements to indicate volume. Most countries outside the United States and Great Britain use comparable metric measurements to indicate size. When comparing the relative size of two or more objects, we speak of scale.

Often we speak of comparing something to the human scale. Despite idiosyncratic differences among people, there is consensus about a recognizable, constant range of what we expect human size to be. Wemay describe an interior space that has a high-pitched ceiling as having a cathedral ceiling, evoking a sense of space and grandeur that is not on the human scale. Alternatively, we may describe an interior that uses a low ceiling plane as conveying a feeling of comfort for humans occupying that space.

The scale of furnishings, doorways, and windows may also be used to alter a viewer's perception of a space. A designer's strategic use of scale in the architectural elements and interior details may evoke different sensations, ranging from intimate to impersonal.

Scale often compares an object with the space it inhabits. When furnishings seem to fit appropriately in the volume of a space, we may not even be aware of scale as an issue. When the fit is poor, however, we may become unsettled by the disproportion in scale between a form and its enclosure.

Scale may be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations. If we are accustomed to sofas ranging in size from 54 to 84 inches, for example, a sofa outside that frame of reference in either direction may be described as small or large in scale. Patterns in fabrics may also be described as small- or large-scale, for instance, a floral pattern with a repeat of 2 inches versus one of 8 inches. Consider the example of a chair upholstered in a rose-patterned fabric that permitted only one rose to fit on the back of the chair; we would describe that pattern as large scale. Even a rose pattern with a repeat of 3 inches (similar in size to a real fully opened rose) would seem relatively large for use on a chair, especially a small-scale chair.

1. How can the size of an object be measured?

2. Do you often speak of comparing something to the human scale?

3. How can designers use scale in the architectural elements?

4. In what way does scale compare an object with the space in inhabits?

5. How may scale be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations?

B. Decide whether the following statements True(T) or False(F). If they are false say why.

1. The size of an object can be measured by the length, width, and depth of its surfaces.

2. We may refer to inches, feet, and yards, square footage to indicate size.

3. A designer’s use of scale in the architectural elements doesn’t evoke any sensations.

4. Scale can’t be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations.

5. Designers often rely on comparisons to human dimensions when demonstrating scale.

IV. Vocabulary tasks

A. Definitions

Match these terms with their definitions:

scale	Measure of length, one – twelfth of a foot.
inch	Measure of length, 12 inches unit of length 3 feet or 36 inches.
foot	Amount of space(expressed in cubic metres, etc) occupied by a substance, liquid or gas.
yard
volume

V. Complete the sentences

1. The size of an object can be measured by …

2. The scale of furnishings, doorways, and windows may also be used …

3. Patterns in fabrics may also be described as small- or large-scale, for instance …

4. When furnishings seem to fit appropriately in the volume of a space, we may not even be aware of scale as an issue. When the fit is poor…

5. When comparing the relative size of two or more objects, we speak…

VI. Over to you

Scavenger Hunt-Innovations

Use any research technique or a combination of methods to develop a list of new products used to furnish interior spaces. These should be products that are not described in this text but rather those that are truly “not off the press”, so to speak. Feature at least one new product or application each for residential and for contract use, and a new appliance or fixture. Compile a summary of each, including a description and illustration. In your summary, consider the relationship of the product to such factors as aesthetics, green design, universal design, and life-cycle costs.

Your research method may involve visiting showrooms and manufacturing sites, project sites, and trade shows. You may also review catalogues, trade and shelter publications, articles, news briefs, and books. Web sites are other sources of useful information.

Unit 9.

Elements of Design. Light.

I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.

English	Phonetics	Translation
advance(n.) ambient(n.) application(n.) appropriate(adj.) artificial(adj.) camouflage(n.) candle(n.) collaboration(n.) comprehending(n.) consider(v.) convey(v.) define(v.) description(n.) diminish (v.) distribution(n.) emitting(n.) emphasize (v.) enhance (v.) enormous (adj.) facilitate(v.) feature (n.) fixture(n.) flame(n.) fulfilling(n.) illumination (n.) incandescent(adj.) movement (n.) provide (v.) purpose (n.) visibility(n.) quantitative (adj.) reduce (v.) referred (adj.) repertoire (n.) requiring (n.) shape(n.) varied(adj.) versatility(n.)	[ədˈvɑ:ns] [ˈæmbɪənt] [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən] [ə'prəuprɪət] [ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃəl] [ˈkæmuflɑ:ʒ] [ˈkændl] [kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən] [ˌkɔmprɪˈhend] [kənˈsɪdə] [kənˈveɪ] [dɪˈfaɪn] [dɪsˈkrɪpʃən] [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] [ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃən] [ɪˈmɪt] [ˈemfəsaɪz] [ɪnˈhɑ:ns] [ɪˈnɔ:məs] [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] [ˈfi:tʃə] [ˈfɪksttʃə] [fleɪm] [fulˈfɪl] [ɪˌlju:mɪˈneɪʃən] [ˈɪnkænˈdesnt] [ˈmu:vmənt] [prəˈvaɪd] [ˈpə:pəs] [ˌvɪzɪˈbɪlɪtɪ] [ˈkwɔntɪtətɪv] [rɪˈdju:s] [rɪˈfə:] [ˈrepətwɑ:] [rɪˈkwaɪə] [ʃeɪp] [ˈvɛərɪ] [ˌvə:səˈtɪlɪtɪ]	достижение окружение применение соответствующий искусственный камуфляж свеча сотрудничество понимание рассмотреть передать определить описание уменьшить распределение испускание подчеркнуть увеличить огромный облегчить особенность крепление пламя выполнение освещение сверкающий движение обеспечить цель видимость количественный уменьшить отнесенный программа требование форма различный многосторонность

II. Before you read discuss this question:

What purposes do you think light serves?

III. Reading tasks

A. Look for more details in the text to answer the questions below.

Purposes of Light. Light serves many purposes, among them the following:

• provide visibility for mobility and activity

• convey a mood or feeling appropriate to a space

• create drama through shadows and contrast

• highlight or camouflage structural features of a space

• enhance or diminish the effects of color

• emphasize or reduce surface features, such as texture three different layers of lighting—ambient, task, and accent—are used to achieve these varied purposes.

• Ambient (meaning to go around) lighting describes diffuse, uniform illumination that provides for safe movement. It is also referred to us general lighting.

• Task lighting illuminates certain areas of a space to facilitate specific activities, such as reading. It can serve to define functional areas of a room, such as the entertainment area of a hotel guest room. It is also referred to as local lighting.

• Accent lighting creates an emphasis or focus, such as to highlight a painting, an objet d'art, or a sculpture. It is also referred to as key lighting.

By using more than one layer to illuminate a space, the interior designer can add interest and versatility, while fulfilling basic lighting needs.

Categories of Light. The two basic categories of light are natural and electric. Natural light includes daylight, flame, candle, and skylight. Electric light, also called artificial light, includes incandescent, fluorescent, neon, high-intensity discharge, and LED, the acronym for light-emitting diode.

1. How important for a designer to comprehend the power of light?

2. In what terms do people perceive light?

3. What is meant by lighting design?

4. What are the most important purposes of light?

5. Name three different layers of lighting?

6. What are the two basic categories of light and what do they include?

B. Provide evidence from the text to support of disapprove the following statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Without light there would be no visible form, color, or texture.

2. Lightning design combines science and technology.

3. Lightning conveys a mood or feeling appropriate to a space.

4. Light diminishes the effects of color.

5. Light emphasizes surface features.

6. Fulfilling basic lightning needs, the interior design can add interest and versatility.

C. Collocations

Match the nouns on the left with their adjectives on the right.

Brightness Visibility Quantity Quality Effect

Quantitative Effective Qualitative Bright Visible Ambient

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Understanding the power of light gives a designer…

2. Lightning design is a specialty requiring…

3. One of the best lessons an interior design student can learn is…

4. Light serves many purposes, among them the following:…

5. To achieve the purposes of light, three different layers are used. They are…

6. Ambient lighting provides…

7. Task lighting serves…

8. Key lighting creates…

VI. Over to you

Starting a Lighting Journal

Sketch three settings that demonstrate at least one type of lighting(ambient, task or accent lighting). These settings might be a museum, gallery, bedroom, café, classroom, library, and so on. Draw in whatever medium your feel comfortable, such as a pen, pencil, or marker. Sketch the parts of the room, the planes, and finishes that appear to be affected by the light source. Use a yellow highlighter pen to show the direction, share, and the spread of the light beams. Note on your sketch the type of room, such as a café or museum; the function of the light, such as incandescent, fluorescent, or daylight. Include any other observations you have considered, such as glare; quantity of light; relationship of the light to other elements, such as texture and color; and mood.

Unit 10

Elements of Design. Color.

I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.

II. Before you read discuss this question:

As a child when did you learn to name colors?

Considered by many to be the most recognizable design element, color is a powerful tool that projects a space's personality. Children generally learn to name colors before they can identify shapes. Chapter 3further discusses the meaning of color to the interior designer in terms of its physical properties, its impact on perception and mood, and the effects colors have on one another and on other components of a space.

Without light, there is no color. The science of physics deals with color as a physical property of light. Each color is differentiated from the others by its wavelength. When light passes through a glass prism, it breaks or refracts into wavelengths. The spectrum of light that humans are able to see is known as the visible spectrum. It ranges from red to violet (or purple). Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest. Red is the warmest color and violet the coolest. In between are orange, yellow, green, blue, and indigo, a blue-violet. White light is composed of the three light primaries: red, green, and blue.

When we speak of color as substance, we are referring to pigmentation, such as dyes (natural and synthetic) and paints. The three primaries of color as pigment are red, yellow, and blue. When these primary colors are mixed together, the result is black.

There are many commercial ways to name colors, but a more scientific and universal language to describe color is based on three distinct attributes: hue, value, and chroma.

• Hue refers to the family of a color or the way we distinguish one color, such as red, from another, such as yellow. In everyday conversation, people use the words color and hue interchangeably, but hue is a more precise term for a color's family.

• Value refers to the degree of lightness or darkness of a color. When white is added to a hue, the value is heightened, creating a tint. Conversely, when black is added to a color, the value is lowered, creating a shade.

• Chroma refers to the purity, saturation, or intensity of a color. Adding gray to a color lowers its chroma. This type of color is also called a tone, a muted version of a hue.

If you were limited as an artist or designer to only a few jars of paints, you could attain a virtually infinite combination of colors with red, blue, yellow, white, and black.

A. Check your understanding of the subject matter by answering the following questions.

1. What does color mean to the interior designer?

2. In which way is each color differentiated from the others?

3. What are the three light primaries?

4. What is scientific and universal language based on to name colors?

5. What does hue refer to?

6. What does value refer to?

7. What does chroma refer to?

B.Understanding details

Provide evidence from the text to support or disapprove the following statements as True(T) or False(F)

1.Each color is differentiated from the others by its wavelengths.

2.The spectrum of light that humans are able to see is known as the invisible spectrum.

3.Red has the shortest wavelength and violet has the longest.

4.White light is composed of the two light primaries:red,and green.

5.The three primaries of color as pigment are red,yellow,and blue.

6.The best way to describe color is based on three attributes:blue,value,and chroma.

C. Understanding meanings

1. Choose the best explanation for the phrase ‘light primaries’

a.combination of light from the sun,the sky,and the atmosphere.

b.the three colors of light that,when combined,produce white light:red,green,and blue.

2. Choose the best explanation for the phase ‘visible spectrum’

a.the spectrum of light that humans are able to see.

b.the visual emphasis given to a component as an arrangement in a composition.

IV. Vocabulary tasks

A. Definitions

Match these terms with their definitions.

1.hue 2.value 3.chroma 4.wavelength 5.tint

a.the purity,saturation,or intensity of a hue. b.a method of measuring light in which bands of light are measured as pulsations or electromagnetic energy. c.the degree of lightness or darkness of a color. d.a variation of a hue created when white is added,thus heightening the value, creating a lighter version. e.the family of color or the way in which one color is distinguished from another.

B. Collocations

Give the derivatives of the following worlds and indentify the part of speech they belong to by putting them into the appropriate box.

Worlds	Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives/ Participles	Adverbs
recognizable(adj.)
powerful(adj.)
project(n.)
indentify(v.)
physical(adj.)
perception(n.)
break(v.)
visible(adj.)
longest(adj.)
commercial(adj.)
distinct(adj.)
attribute(n.)
distinguish(v.)
purity(n.)
lower(v.)

V. Complete the sentence

1. The science of physics deals with color as…

2. The visible spectrum ranges from…

3. White light is composed of …

4. The three primaries of color as pigment are…

5. In everyday conversation, people use the words color and hue interchangeably, but hue…

6. When white is added to a hue …

7. When black is added to color…

VI. Over to you

A color Scheme for a Celebrity’s Bedroom

You may choose from any of the following as your hypothetical client: the President of the United States, the governor of your state, or your favorite designer, artist, performer, or another person approved by your instructor. Conduct some research to determine what your client’s needs might be, based on his or her lifestyle, preferences, or dislikes. Consider the basic elements involved in planning a color scheme, such as whether it should be warm, cool, related, or contrasting. Write a brief description of your client, the basics of the bedroom space, such as location and size, the desired mood and effect, and your approach to color. Indicate whether you have chosen a related or contrasting color scheme. Describe the basic hues, value, and saturation. Use paint chips or color chips to signify your choices for the major components of the space, such as walls, ceilings, floors, fabrics, and furniture finish.