- •Учереждение образования
- •I. Предмет дисциплины и цель обучения
- •1.1. Цель преподавания дисциплины.
- •1.2. Задачи изучения дисциплины.
- •1.3. Связь дисциплины с другими учебными дисциплинами.
- •1.4. Структура пособия.
- •1.5. Содержание итогового экзамена.
- •II. Учебно-методические указания по изучению дисциплины
- •2.1. Самостоятельная работа студентов.
- •2.2. Формы контроля за работой студентов.
- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •English tenses (active voice)
- •The verb
- •1. The verb “to be”
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple tense
- •The past simple tense
- •Упражнения
- •Future simple
- •Упражнения
- •The past continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The present perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •I have already written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet.
- •The past perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The past perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения на все видо-временные формы английского глагола
- •Специальный тест на временные формы глаголов
- •The passive voice
- •Cравнительная таблица глагольных форм в активном и пассивном залогах
- •Passive (present, past and future simple)
- •Passive (present, past and future perfect)
- •Reported speech and sequence of tenses
- •Say - tell
- •Вопросительные предложения Специальные вопросы
- •Общие вопросы
- •Повелительные предложения
- •Test on the reported speech
- •Условные предложения (conditional sentences)
- •If she knew English well she wouldn’t make a lot of mistakes.
- •Test on the conditional sentences
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II. Reading
- •Entering the Profession
- •Legal Profession
- •III. Discussion.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Reading
- •Laws and Customs
- •Aims of Law
- •Systems of Law
- •III. Discussion.
- •1. Crime. Causes of crime.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Crime. Causes of Crime
- •III. Discussion.
- •2. Punishment
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II. Reading
- •Criminal Punishment
- •Capital Punishment: for and against
- •III. Discussion.
- •Some tips
- •1.Civil Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Distinctions between Сriminal and Сivil Law
- •III. Discussion.
- •2.Contract Law.
- •I. Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Definition of a Contract
- •Offer, Acceptance and Consideration
- •III. Discussion.
- •3.Family Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II.Reading
- •Law and Family
- •Law of Divorce. Protection of Children
- •I. Discussion
- •4.Business Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II.Reading
- •Business Law and Business Crime
- •III. Discussion.
- •5. Tax Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Reading
- •Taxation and its principles. Kinds of taxes
- •III. Discussion.
- •Legal texts for reading. Law and Society
- •Solicitors
- •Barristers
- •Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice
- •Scotland Yard
- •Interpol
- •From the History of Punishment
- •Death Penalty
- •The Inmate’s Letter
- •World banking system is a 'money launderers' dream'
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Dicsussion
- •Interesting quotations
- •Supplementary reading. The self and thinking
- •Are you happy being you?
- •Emotion
- •Competence
- •Characteristics of competent communicators.
- •How to tell when another person is lying. Nonverbal cues and the detection of deception.
- •How to help a depressed loved one.
- •A new way to look at death.
- •Bibliography
Emotion
Motivation and emotion are closely related. Anger is frequently an instigator of aggressive behaviour although such behaviour can also occur in the absence of anger. Emotions can activate and direct behaviour in the same way biological or psychological motives can. Emotions may also accompany motivated behaviour. Emotions can be a goal; we engage in certain activities because we know that they will bring us pleasure.
The nature of the relationship between motivation and emotion, as well as the definition of emotion itself, is an unresolved issue in psychology. Most people would say that anger, fear, joy, and grief are emotions but would classify hunger, thirst and fatigue as states of the organism that serve as motives. What is the difference? Why don’t we call hunger an emotion?
There is no clear cut distinction. The most common basis for differentiating between the two assumes that emotions are usually aroused by external stimuli, and that emotional expression is directed toward the stimuli in the environment that arouse it. Motives, on the other hand, are more aroused by internal stimuli and are “naturally” directed toward certain objects in the environment (for example, food, water, or a mate). However, there are a number of instances when this distinction does not hold (когда это различие не имеет силы). For example, an external incentive such as the sight or smell of delicious food can arouse hunger in the absence of internal hunger cues. And internal stimuli, such as those caused by severe food deprivation or pain, can arouse emotion.
Most motivated behaviour has some affective, or emotional accompaniment, although we may be too preoccupied in our striving toward the goal to focus on our feeling at the time. When we talk about motivation we usually focus on the goal-directed activity; in discussing emotion our attention is drawn to the subjective, affective experiences that accompany the behaviour. We are apt to be more aware of our emotions when efforts to achieve a goal are blocked (anger, despair) or when the goal is finally attained (pleasure, joy).
In the past, psychologists devoted considerable effort to trying to classify emotions. They attempted to find dimensions along which to scale such emotions as sorrow, disgust, surprise, jealousy, envy, and ecstasy. But such attempts have not proved very worthwhile. For our purposes we will note that emotions can be divided into those that are pleasant (joy, love) and those that are unpleasant (anger, fear). In addition, many of our emotional terms can be classified by intensity. Word pairs such as displeasure-rage, pain-agony, and sadness-grief convey differences of intensity. Some psychologists reserve the term emotion for the more intense states that are accompanied by widespread changes in body physiology and call the milder affective states feeling. But there are many intermediate states between mild experiences of pleasantness or unpleasantness and intense emotions