1. Бегло прочитайте текст. Назовите имя римского императора и основные источники гражданского права.

CIVIL LAW

Civil Law (Roman-Germanic legal family) is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman ‘Corpus Juris Civilus’, (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the Roman Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565.

The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. The main sources of civil law are principally legislation - especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments - and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code.

2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словосочетаниям.

1. правовые системы основываются

2. наиболее распространенный тип

3. основной источник

4. во-первых, во-вторых

5. примерно

6. основная черта

7. римский император

8. называемое европейским континентальным правом

3. Найдите в тесте слова, дефиниции которых приводятся ниже.

1. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and implemented by the courts.

2. An official set of laws or regulations.

3. To come from something, to appear somewhere and then to develop into something.

4. What someone thinks about the meaning of a law or precedent?

5. Used, are in force in different ways.

4. Напишите отсутствующие производные формы частей речи от следующих слов.

Noun Verb Adjective or Participle

a) сode codify ________________

b) _____________ civilize ________________

c) base ________ ________________

d) ______________ ________ legislative

e) ______________ collect ________________

f) application ________ ________________

5. Работа в парах. Обсудите с коллегой по группе, соответствуют ли данные утверждения тексту 2.

1. Civil law is the most widespread legal system of the world.

2. Approximately 300 countries use civil law nowadays.

3. European continental law and civil law is the name of the same phenomena.

4. Civil law was derived from court judgments.

5. The date when the Body of Civil Law was compiled is known precisely.

6. Organizing the law into two written codes is the main feature of civil law system.

7. The main source of civil law is custom.

TEXT 3

6. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why is common law called “English”?

2. Why are so many countries influenced by common law?

COMMON LAW

Common Law (Anglo-Saxon legal family) is a type of legal system, often synonymous with "English common law," which is the system of England and Wales in the UK. It is also in force in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly influenced by the former British

Empire. English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as systems imposed by early conquers including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans.

Some legal scholars attribute the formation of the English common law system to King

Henry II (r. 1154-1189). Until the time of his reign, laws customary were administered locally. Henry II, having established the king's court, designated that laws were "common" to the entire England.

The foundation of English common law is "legal precedent" - referred to as ‘stare decisis’ (Lat), meaning "to stand by things decided." In the English common law system, court judges are bound in their decisions in large part by the rules and other doctrines developed by the judges of earlier English courts. These rules were supplemented or amended over time.