С о г л а с о в а н и е в р е м е н the sequence of tenses

В английском языке необходимо строго соблюдать правило согласования времен. Согласование времен - это зависимость времени глагола придаточного предложения от времени действия главного предложения.

Если глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то и глагол придаточного предложения (обычно придаточного дополнительного) также должен стоять в одной из форм прошедшего времени.

При выборе форм прошедшего времени глагола придаточного предложения необходимо учитывать временную соотнесенность в главном и придаточном предложении.

1. Если действие придаточного предложения одновременно с действием главного, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.

Eg.: He said that he knew her. Он сказал, что знает ее.

She had the feeling that he У нее было такое чувство,

was looking at her. словно он смотрит на нее.

2. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.

Eg.: He was told that they had left. Ему сказали, что они ушли.

I knew that he had been living Я знал, что он живет здесь

here since 1998. с 1998 года.

3. Если действие придаточного предложения следует за действием главного предложения, т.е. является будущим по отношению к прошедшей ситуации, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в особой форме Future-in-the-Past (будущее в прошедшем). Future-in-the-Past образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов should\would и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to.

Eg.: They knew that I should wait for them. Они знали, что я их

подожду.

He said he would do it himself. Он сказал, что он сделает

это сам.

Таким образом, основное правило можно сформулировать так: придаточное предложение сдвигается "на одно время назад":

present становится past,

past становится past perfect,

will становится would.

Изменение времен глаголов

в соответствие с правилом согласования времен

Present Indefinite I do Present Continuous I am doing Present Perfect I have done Past Indefinite I did Past Continuous I was doing Past Perfect will can may must

Past Indefinite I did Past Continuous I was doing Past Perfect I had done Past Perfect I had done Past Perfect Continuous I had been doing Не изменяется would could might must\had to

Изменение обстоятельств времени и места

here this these now today yesterday a year ago last night tonight

there that those then that day the day before\the previous day a year before the previous night that night

! Если дополнительное придаточное предложение является сложным, то все глаголы, входящие в него, подчиняются правилу согласования времен.

Eg.: I thought (that) she knew (that) Я думала, что она знает,

he lived in Moscow. что он живет в Москве.

! Правило согласования времен не соблюдается, если придаточное предложение выражает непреложную истину или факт, который является привычным, постоянным.

Eg.: The teacher told the children Учитель сказал детям, что

that the water boils at 100⁰ C. вода кипит при 100⁰ С.

We knew that he plays tennis Мы знали, что он хорошо

well. играет в теннис.

У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я

Упр.158. Прочитайте и скажите, являются ли действия в придаточных предложениях одновременными, предшествующими или последующими по отношению к действиям главных предложениях.

1. He asked me what work I was doing and whether I intended to go to a

University. 2. She claimed that she had met Monty on her way home. Monty had told her that she would probably come to the party. 3. Then I thought about Mother. She would certainly ask me where I had been all day. 4. She said she would be staying in town next day to do some shopping. 5. Out of the corner of my eye I saw they had stopped talking and were watching us. 6. In the hotel the waiter told me that the American had been staying there for three days. 7. I was told that he wanted to meet me.

Упр. 159. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время и сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении.

A.

1. He says that he speaks English. 2. I think that he is a famous writer. 3.

She knows that her children are playing in the garden. 4. I am sure that they are working in the library now. 5. Everybody knows that morning exercises make us stronger. 6. He says that he is not an engineer. 7. She writes that she is ill.

B.

1. He says that his daughter went to the swimming-pool. 2. I know she didn't say that. 3. We are surprised that she went abroad. 4. I am sure that he has translated the text himself. 5. He says that he has bought everything. 6. I think he didn't recognize me. 7. I am sure I saw her at the theatre.

C.

1. We are sure he will finish school with a gold medal. 2. Our teacher says that we shall study the rules at the next lesson. 3. She thinks that he will not go with them. 4. She writes that she will come soon. 5. She asks when we shall have our vacations.

Упр.160. Раскройте скобки так, чтобы действие придаточного предложения было одновременным с действием главного.

1. I was surprised you (to know) my name. 2. He cannot imagine what she (to do) there. 3. I forgot what he (to look) like. 4. I don’t remember where he (to live). 5. I know how much he (to love) her. 6. When he comes ask him if he (to have) the dictionary. 7. Quite soon he will ask if all the doors (to lock) for the night. 8. She told me she (to be) unwell and (not to leave) home. 9. He found out that the children (to swim) in the pool.

Упр.161. Раскройте скобки так, чтобы действие придаточного предложения предшествовало действию главного.

1. David said he (to ask) the permission from the director to be absent from the lesson. 2. I knew that for the past ten years he (to buy) the same paper each morning. 3. I was told that he (to receive) a letter from home. 4. You will see what I (to write) about you. 5. He was uneasy. His wife would easily find out that he (to go) for Saigon. 6. It is not known where he (to spend) his childhood. 7. I don’t know what (to go) wrong with them. 8. Then he admitted that he (to live) since the summer in his father’s house. 9. Of course he will wonder why you (to cry). 10. He told he (to want) to become an actor. 11. It was true that he (to be) fond of his brother. 12. One day I will tell you why I (not to marry). 13. I wondered what she (to do) there so late at night. 14. Do you know that I (to give) a new job by our boss?

Упр.162. Перепишите предложения в прошедшем времени, обращая внимание на зависимость времени придаточного предложения от времени главного.

1. My uncle says he has just come back from the South. 2. He says he spent two days in Moscow. 3. He says he feels better now. 4. Nick says he is going to the hotel to see his friends. 5. I think the children are playing in the yard. 6. The teacher is sure that the pupils know the material well and will write the test. 7. Ann says they were friends at school. 8. He says they have made good progress in English. 9. Oleg thinks that in a day several English students will come to pay a visit. 10. I am sure they are good sportsmen. 11. We see they are discussing the plan with their chief.

Упр.163. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующем времени.

A.

1. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. He stopped and listened; the clock (to strike) five. 4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 5. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 6. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early. 7. The delegates were told that the guide (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 9. I didn't know that you already (to get married). 10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 11. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 12. Sarah understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 13. She asked me whether I (to remember) the legend about a faithful lion. 14. He understood that the soldiers (to arrest) him. 15. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from the well. 16. I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately.

B.

1. I thought he (to come) in time. 2. Gerry wanted to know what (to become) of the books which he (to leave) here a day before. 3. I finally said I (not to want) to hear any more about the subject. 4. Mark remembered that he (to leave) the documents in the office. 5. We have heard that he (to be) very clever. 6. She told me that in an hour she (to go) for a walk. 7. The boy didn't know that the water (to boil) at 100⁰. 8. He told us how he (to live) in the North. We were surprised when he told us that in the Far North the Sun never (to rise) in winter and never (to set) in summer. 9. Last year I skated much better than I (to do) now. 10. The teacher told us that there (to be) 26 letters in the English alphabet. 11. One day the boy asked his father how long elephants (to live). 12. My wife seemed surprised to find us there. She (to say) she (to think) that we (to start) an hour before. Then she (to tell) me she probably (to join) us. 13. Father (to rush) to the nursery to see what his son young son (to do) there as there (to be) a terrible noise in the house. 14. They (to begin) to ask me questions about myself and pretty soon they (to know) everything about me. Finally they (to tell) me I (to answer) their purpose. I (to say) I (to be) very glad and (to ask) what it (to be). Then one of them (to hand) me an envelope and (to say) I (find) the explanation inside.

Упр.164. Переведите на английский язык, соблюдая правило согласования времен.

1. Мы вчера узнали, что она больна. 2. Мы вчера узнали, что она заболела. 3. Он думал, что она не придет в школу. 4. Я знал, что моя сестра изучает английский язык и думал, что она поедет в Англию. 5. Мне сказали, что ты мне звонил. 6. Я не знал, что ты уже вернулся в город. 7. Я боялся, что заблужусь в лесу. 8. Она знала, что мы никогда не видели ее картины. 9. Мы были уверены, что найдем решение проблемы. 10. Я знал, что ты приехал в Москву и был уверен, что ты навестишь меня. 11. Мы не думали, что он так рассердится. 12. Мы надеялись, что поедем на экскурсию. 13. Учитель сказал, что наши друзья прислали нам письмо из Лондона. 14. Она сказала, что ее друг пригласил ее в ресторан. 15. Мы боялись, что не купим билеты на поезд. 16. Мы боялись, что все билеты уже проданы. 17. Мы увидели, что дети играют в песке. 18. Мой дедушка сказал, что в молодости он бы хорошим спортсменом.