- •Міністерство аграрної політики України
- •Unit 1 what is economics?
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions and word-combinations:
- •10. Inform the group about your activities and find out if he or she does the same:
- •11. Express doubt concerning the truth of the following statements:
- •12. Ask about the following as in the model:
- •13. Translate into English:
- •14. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 2 the american economic system
- •1. Read and memorize following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: a profit, resources, the answers, prices, consumers, levels, a price, money.
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •10. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite Tense in the Passive Voice:
- •11. Read and change the sentences according to the model:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 3 the consumer in our economy
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following words, expressions and word-combinations:
- •10. Express the following in the Passive Voice:
- •11. Ask questions to the following sentences:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 4 launching a business
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate Into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •10. Inform the group about the future activities or states:
- •11. Ask for confirmations of the truth of the following statements:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 5 financing a business
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •10. Make the following sentences passive:
- •11. Translate the verbs in brackets in English using them in the necessary tense-form:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •Unit 6 production and marketing. The business of business
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Put questions to the italicized words:
- •10. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •11. Translate into English:
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •10. Put the infinitives in brackets in the Past Continuous Tense:
- •11. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the model:
- •12. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Active Voice):
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
- •2. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •5. Answer the following questions:
- •6. Define the terms:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Read and dramatize the following dialogue:
- •9. Make up your own dialogue using the following expressions:
- •10. Change the following sentences using the Passive Voice:
- •11. Ask when and what -questions using the Passive Voice:
- •12. Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense (the Passive Voice):
- •13. Communicative situations:
- •Self-assessment criteria
- •If you have got:
Unit 4 launching a business
1. Read and memorize the following words, word-combinations and word-groups:
to start a business (syn. to launch a business) – розпочати справу (бізнес)
e.g. Those thinking of starting a business should keep informed about the kinds of opportunities that exist, the personal qualities needed for success and the kinds of training available to prepare for the world of business.
to operate a business – керувати справою (бізнесом)
e.g. Many colleges now offer programs that teach students how to start and operate a business.
to face a problem – стикатися з проблемою
e.g. Small businesses face many problems.
to risk (syn. to run the risk) – ризикувати
e.g. Corporate leaders may risk their own jobs when they make major decisions that affect the future of corporation negatively.
sole proprietorship – одноосібне володіння
e.g. A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person.
to pay taxes – сплачувати податки
e.g. Sole proprietors have minimal legal restrictions and do not have to pay the special taxes placed on corporations,
to assume the debts – брати на себе сплату боргів
e.g. If a business fails, the owner must personally assume the debts.
stockholder – акціонер, власник акцій
e.g. Ownership of a corporation is represented by shares of stock, and for that reason corporate owners are known as stockholders.
partnership – товариство, компанія
e.g. A partnership is a business organization that is owned by two or more persons.
2. Give English equivalents of the following:
приймати рішення, товариство, стикатися з проблемою, нестача чогось, мати успіх, одноосібне володіння, сплачувати податки, керувати бізнесом, акціонер, брати на себе сплату боргів, досягти успіху, ризикувати
3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: experience, creditors, managers, business, companies, a sole–proprietorship, a partnership, owner, stockholders.
1. About 50 percent of entrepreneurs start their ... in industries in which they have some … .
2. People who come from families whose members were in business themselves are more likely to start their own ... .
3. In a large business the tasks of organizing and operating are done by many hired ...
4 .... is a business owned by one person.
5. All debts and all problems associated with the business belong to the… .
6. ... is a business organization that is owned by two or more persons.
7. If the business were to fail, its ... would have the right to recover their money from any, or all of the partners.
8. Ownership of a corporation is represented by shares of stock, and for that reason corporate owners are known as ….
4. Read and translate the text:
There are numerous reasons that make people think about owning a business of their own. Personal independence, unlimited profit potential, the opportunity to work at something that they really love and at hours they choose are some of the reasons people have given for trying entrepreneurship. Many business leaders begin their careers as entrepreneurs after four years of undergraduate college training and even additional graduate school training. Others become successful entrepreneurs without special training.
Many colleges now offer programs that teach students how to start and operate a business. Basic information is combined with hands-on experience and the advice of successful business consultants. These programs help potential entrepreneurs decide whether their own ideas are good and how to follow through with them. With the high rate of business failure, this approach can prevent personal financial losses.
A common way to learn about a business, and the opportunities for starting one similar to it, is to learn while working for someone else. It provides a source of steady income to people while they are planning to start their own businesses. About 50 percent of entrepreneurs start their businesses in industries in which they have some experience.
Evidence shows that people who come from families whose members were in business themselves are more likely to start their own companies. Unfortunately, the record shows that two out of three new businesses fail within their first four years.
Small businesses face many problems. Bad economic times affect small business more than they do big business. In addition, small business profits tend to fall faster, and small businesses are more likely to fail.
What are the problems that face small business now? In January, 1985 the National Federation of Independent Business reported that the four top problems facing small business at that time were taxes, slow sales, the high cost of borrowing money and competition from other businesses.
In a large business the tasks of organizing and operating are done by many hired managers.
A corporation is one kind of business organization. Other kinds of business organizations are sole proprietorships and partnerships. Sole proprietorships are the most numerous kind of business organization, but most are very small. The reason for their popularity is that they are the easiest and least costly to organize.
Sole proprietors own all the profits of their enterprises, and they are their «own bosses», free to make whatever changes they please. They have minimal legal restrictions and do not have to pay the special taxes placed on corporations. Sole proprietors also have opportunity to achieve success and recognition through their individual efforts.
There are also disadvantages. A very serious one is the unlimited liability that each proprietor faces. All debts and all problems associated with the business belong to the owner. A second disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that it has limited capital. The money that a proprietor can raise is limited by the amount of his or her savings and ability to borrow. Also, when the owner dies, the business dies. Other disadvantages may include lack of opportunities for employees, limitations of size and lack of management resources.
A partnership is a business organization that is owned by two or more persons. Partnerships offer certain advantages over sole proprietorships:
Partners bring additional funds to a proprietorship.
Partners can bring fresh ideas and talents to business organizations.
Like the sole proprietorship, partnerships are relatively easy to form and are not subject to special taxation. Partnerships have the following disadvantages:
In many cases, each of the partners is subject to unlimited liability. Partners are individually responsible for all the debts of the business. In other words, if the business were to fail, its creditors would have the right to recover their money from any, or all, of the partners.
A corporation is a business organization created under a government charter. Ownership of a corporation is represented by shares of stock, and for that reason corporate owners are known as stockholders. One feature of the corporation is that the courts treat it as a legal «person». It can, for example, sue or be sued and enter into contracts, and it must pay taxes.
There are some other types of business organizations. They are: the corporation for small business, not-for-profit corporation, government-owned corporations, cooperatives and franchises.