34 Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents:

- to study aeronautical engineering	- первый выход в космос
- to be sentenced	- запускать спутник
- to make a significant contribution	- полет с людьми на борту
- to fell victim	- представить на рассмотрение секретную записку
- to launch a satellite	- пасть жертвой
- to be put in charge	- сделать значительный вклад
- design bureau	- запустить человека в космос
- publicity coup	- начало холодной войны
- to put a man into space	- изучать воздухоплавательную технику
- launch site	- выходить в космос
- to submit a secret memo	- издавать сигнал
- to emit a beep	- удачный рекламный ход
- first space walk	- быть приговоренным
- direct retaliation	- непосредственное возмездие
- to bring prestige and glory	- участок для запуска
- manned flight	- конструкторское бюро
- onset of the Cold War	- приносить престиж и славу
- to go into space	- быть в ответе за

35 Topic for discussion.

1. Sergei Korolev’s biography

2. Era of cosmic flights

3. Achievements of Russian cosmonautics

36 Прочитайте текст 4с.

Text 4C

Andrei Sakharov: man and legend

The distinguished Soviet scientist Andrei Sakkarov was born in Moscow on 21 May, 1921 to a family of intellectuals. His father was a well-known teacher of physics and the author of textbooks, exercise books and works of popular science. Andrei grew up in a large communal apartment where most of the rooms were occupied by his family and relations and only a few by outsiders. Within the family they provided one another with mutual support, just as they shared a love of literature and science.

The influence of his home meant a great deal to Andrei, particularly because he had his first lessons at home and later experienced the greatest difficulty in adapting himself to his classmates. Andrei took his final school exams with distinction in 1938 and at once began to study at the Faculty of Physics in Moscow University. Here too he passed his Finals with distinction in 1942 when because of the war, his family had been evacuated to Ashkhabad. Doctors found Sakharov until for military service.

In September 1942 A. Sakharov was sent to a large munitions factory on the Volga where he worked as an engineer and inventor right until 1945. At the factory he made a number of inventions in the field of production control. But in 1944, while still employed at the factory, he wrote some scientific articles on theoretical physics and sent them to Moscow for appraisal and comment. These first works were never published, but they gave Sakharov the self-confidence so essential to every researcher.

In 1945 Sakharov begin to read for his doctorate at the Lebeder Institute of Sciences of the USSR. His teacher there was the great theoretical physicist, Igor Eigengevich Tamm. He influenced Andrei Sakharov enormously. In 1947 Sakharov defended his thesis on nuclear physics, and in 1948 he was included in a group of research scientists whose task was to develop nuclear weapons. The leader of the group was I.E. Tamm.

For the next 20 years Sakharov worked under conditions of the highest security and under great pressure, first in Moscow and subsequently in a special secret research centre. His work was instrumental to the successful completion of the project and as a result, he was admitted to the Soviet Academy of Sciences and awarded the Stalin Prize. While working on the problem of developing nuclear weapons Sakharov came to the conclusion that any atomic and nuclear weapon should he banned.

In 1957, Sakharov published a paper shouing the long-term dangers of nuclear testing. He began to criticize Soviet policy. From July 1968, when his article was published abroad he was removed from top-secret work and “relieved” of his privileges in the Soviet “Nomenclature”. Since the summer 1969 Sakharov again began to work at the Lebeder Institute. His work concerned the problem connected with the theory of elementary particles, the theory of gravitation and cosmology. In 1970 he helped to establish the Moscow Human heights Committee. For the next ten years he worked with other dissidents including jews who were trying to obtain the right to emigrate.

Abroad Sakharov was recognized as a civil rights activist and received the Pease Nobel Prize. After receiving the prize, he continued to work for human rights and to make statements to the West through Western cone spondents in Moscow. Early in1980, after Sakharov had denounced the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, he was exiled to Gorky. In 1984 Elena Bonner joined him. Two years later, Soviet Premier Gorbachev allowed Sakharov and his wife to return to Moscow. Despite the measure of freedom now possible, which enabled member of the Congress of the People’s Deputies, Sakharov was critical of Gorbachev, insisting that the reforms should go mush further. He died in Moscow on December 14, 1989.